TA111/101A ENGINEERING GRAPHICS

Lecture 20a: Development of Surfaces

Dr. K.V. Harish (Faculty Instructor – TA111 course)

Room No. 334, Faculty Building
Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kanpur, UP 208016
Phone (O): +91-512-259-6427
Email ID: kvharish@iitk.ac.in Lecture 20: Development of Surfaces (by 1
Dr. K.V.Harish, Civil Engineering)
 Summary of Presentation
• Introduction
• Definition, Examples & Basic Concepts
• Development of surfaces (DOS) of simple solids: Prism,
Pyramid, Cylinder, Cone, etc.
• True Lengths
• Methods for development of surfaces

• DOS for Complicated Solids

• Case 1: Truncated Cylinder
• Case 2: Truncated Prism and Hexagonal Prism
• Case 3: Truncated Pyramid, Right Pyramid & Octagonal
Pyramid
• Case 4: Truncated Cone and Oblique

• Transition Pieces (Cases 5 to 8)

Lecture 20: Development of Surfaces (by Dr. K.V.Harish, Civil Engineering) 2

 INTRODUCTION

Lecture 20: Development of Surfaces (by Dr. K.V.Harish, Civil Engineering) 3

 How is a Prism/Box made?

• A box is made by folding

paper or cardboard and
then closing the ends.

• Look at a shoes box or any

other box in your home.

Lecture 20: Development of Surfaces (by Dr. K.V.Harish, Civil Engineering) 4

 Why to study ‘Development of Surfaces’?

• In manufacturing industry, normal-size patterns

of surfaces of an object are required.
• For example, in sheet-metal work, a sheet needs
to be laid out, true edges and surfaces are
marked, sheet is cut or rolled, folded, or formed
to make the complete object.
• The complete surface laid out in a ‘plane’ is
called the ‘development’ of the surface.
• All surfaces are not developable. e.g., warped
and double curved-surfaces or a ball, etc.
Lecture 20: Development of Surfaces (by Dr. K.V.Harish, Civil Engineering) 5
 Definitions
• Development means
• Creating foldable sheet design with the help of F and H
views of an object
• Developable surfaces
• Those surfaces about which a sheet can be wrapped
without any warping
• Or a surface which can be formed by folding a thin
flexible sheet
• Surfaces with single curvature (e.g., a cylinder)
• Non-Developable surfaces
• Surfaces with warped or double curvature
• A Sphere
Lecture 20: Development of Surfaces (by Dr. K.V.Harish, Civil Engineering) 6
 Some developable surfaces
Imagine hollow solid objects
Cuboid made from flat sheet material.
Here the idea is to mark the
surfaces of the object on the
flat sheet, so that the sheet
may be folded to fabricate the
intended object.

Pyramid

Lecture 20: Development of Surfaces (by Dr.

7
K.V.Harish, Civil Engineering)
 Some developable surfaces

Cone Cylinder
Sector of a circle with radius Rectangle with length &
equal to slant height and arc breadth equal to
equal to circumference of circumference of base and
base curve of cone height of cylinder

Lecture 20: Development of Surfaces (by Dr.

8
K.V.Harish, Civil Engineering)
 Some developable surfaces
• Given is H and F view of object
• Find true sizes of all the plane faces of an object
• Join them together through common edges
• Put all faces on a common plane
• The result is the developed surface
• Developments are drawn with inside face up

Lecture 20: Development of Surfaces (by Dr. K.V.Harish, Civil Engineering) 9

 Basic Concept
• Development requires ‘concepts’ such as
finding TL of edges/lines, true shapes of plane
faces of an object, etc.
• True surfaces of different components of
objects are joined at common edges to form a
‘developed surface’.
• What will be the development of a right
cylinder?
• A rectangle of Dimensions L x Π.D!
• What will be the development of a right-circular cone?
• Circular sector (radius = slant height; arc length
=circumference of base).
Lecture 20: Development of Surfaces (by Dr. K.V.Harish, Civil Engineering) 10
Summary: Basic Concepts 2pR

Outline of the
object is marked on
L a flat sheet. Which
is then folded to
L fabricate the object
R
F P

R
B

B
2p
L R B B B

B
L
L
q = 360.(R/L)
B
DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES
FOR SIMPLE SOLIDS

Lecture 20: Development of Surfaces (by Dr. K.V.Harish, Civil Engineering) 12

 PRISM OR CUBOID

Lecture 20: Development of Surfaces (by Dr. K.V.Harish, Civil Engineering) 13

 Prism

Lecture 20: Development of Surfaces (by Dr. K.V.Harish, Civil Engineering) 14

 Prism

Lecture 20: Development of Surfaces (by Dr. K.V.Harish, Civil Engineering) 15

 Prism

Lecture 20: Development of Surfaces (by Dr. K.V.Harish, Civil Engineering) 16

 Prism

Lecture 20: Development of Surfaces (by Dr. K.V.Harish, Civil Engineering) 17

 Prism

Lecture 20: Development of Surfaces (by Dr. K.V.Harish, Civil Engineering) 18

 • Multiple solutions can exist
Prism •
•
Translation is OK
Flaps must not be opposite,
but can be attached to any of
the long plane surfaces

Lecture 20: Development of Surfaces (by Dr. K.V.Harish, Civil Engineering) 19

 PYRAMID

Lecture 20: Development of Surfaces (by Dr. K.V.Harish, Civil Engineering) 20

 Pyramid

Lecture 20: Development of Surfaces (by Dr. K.V.Harish, Civil Engineering) 21

 Pyramid

Lecture 20: Development of Surfaces (by Dr. K.V.Harish, Civil Engineering) 22

 Pyramid

Lecture 20: Development of Surfaces (by Dr. K.V.Harish, Civil Engineering) 23

 Pyramid

Lecture 20: Development of Surfaces (by Dr. K.V.Harish, Civil Engineering) 24

 Pyramid

• The slant edges must be

in true length

Lecture 20: Development of Surfaces (by Dr. K.V.Harish, Civil Engineering) 25

 CYLINDER

Lecture 20: Development of Surfaces (by Dr. K.V.Harish, Civil Engineering) 26

 Cylinder

• The position of the circular

parts must not be opposite
to each other

Lecture 20: Development of Surfaces (by Dr. K.V.Harish, Civil Engineering) 27

 Cylinder (Approximation)

Lecture 20: Development of Surfaces (by Dr. K.V.Harish, Civil Engineering) 28

 CONE

Lecture 20: Development of Surfaces (by Dr. K.V.Harish, Civil Engineering) 29

 Cone

Lecture 20: Development of Surfaces (by Dr. K.V.Harish, Civil Engineering) 30

 Hexagonal Pyramid

Lecture 20: Development of Surfaces (by Dr. K.V.Harish, Civil Engineering) 31

Egs of exact & approximate development

Lecture 20: Development of Surfaces (by Dr. K.V.Harish, Civil Engineering) 32

 RECAP: TRUE LENGTHS

Lecture 20: Development of Surfaces (by Dr. K.V.Harish, Civil Engineering) 33

 Use of True Lengths for developed surface
• Developed surfaces are true shape and sizes
• To develop these true lengths are needed
• Method of revolution
• Takes one less view than auxiliary view method
• Projection of a line is revolved to generate Normal View of line
• Edge view of a plane is revolved to generate Normal View of plane
• Method of auxiliary view
X YH

AXIS
PATH OF XH
REVOLUTION YHR
H
F
F XF
ØH Y
TL

TL AXIS
H YR

ØH
YF
YFR 34
Lecture 20: Development of Surfaces (by Dr.
K.V.Harish, Civil Engineering)
 Getting True Lengths
YH
X
AXIS
XH YHR
H
F X
F F
Ø Y TL
O
YR

TL
H

OF YF YFR

Note that if true altitude and base of a line are

known, the hypotenuse is the TL of the line.
Lecture 20: Development of Surfaces (by Dr. K.V.Harish, Civil Engineering) 35
 Another method of finding True Lengths

ZH XF

XH ZHR TL
H
Z F
F XF ZF ZFR
Y
TL
H
YF

ZF ZFR
 Methods of Development of Surfaces

 Parallel-Line development: For Prisms and

Cylinders with stretch-out-line principle
 Radial-Line development: Pyramids and Cones
in which the true length of the slant edge or the
generator is used as radius
 Triangulation development: Used to develop
transition pieces
 Approximate method: Warped and double
curved-surfaces such as sphere, paraboloid,
ellipsoid, hyperboloid and helicoid.
Lecture 20: Development of Surfaces (by Dr. K.V.Harish, Civil Engineering) 37
DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES
FOR COMPLICATED SOLIDS

Lecture 20: Development of Surfaces (by Dr. K.V.Harish, Civil Engineering) 38

Case 1: Truncated Cylinder - Lateral Surface Development

5 4 3
6 2
NO
7 1 COMPUTATION !!!
8 12 A large number of
generators
9 10 11 g
required.
g f f f
e e e
d d d
c c c
b
b
a a b a
7 6 5 4 32 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1
8 9 101112
Line 1-1 in the developed surface is the stretch-out line,
Join points a,b, c …b, a by a smooth curve.
Lecture 20: Development of Surfaces (by Dr. K.V.Harish, Civil Engineering)
39
 Better Depiction of Case 1: Truncated Cylinder

7 5 4 3
6 6
2
5 7 1

8 4 8 12
9 11
9 10 H
3 F
10
11 2
1
12

7
1 7 9,5 11,3 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1
10
Lecture 20: Development of Surfaces (by Dr. K.V.Harish, Civil En 40
gineering)
 Case 1: Other information of a Truncated Cylinder
R H1

Side Surface

H2 H2

H1
H2

Top Surface Bottom Surface

Case 2a: Truncated Prism

Profile View is given only

as an additional
information. It is actually
not required.

Lecture 20: Development of Surfaces (by Dr. K.V.Harish, Civil En 42

gineering)
 Case 2b: Truncated Hexagonal Prism - Lateral
Surface Development
4 3
5 2

6 1

d d
c c c
What is
in TL is b b b
importan
t?
a a a

5 4 1 2 2 3 4 5 6 1 2
6 3
Line 2-2 in the developed surface is the stretch-out line
Lecture 20: Development of Surfaces (by Dr. K.V.Harish, Civil Engineering) 43
 4
Case 2b: Truncated Hexagonal Prism 3
5

2
6
3,C 2,B
1

4,D 1,A
D A
E F
H
F 5,E 6,F 3
4

4 2
4
5,3 3 5

2 6 1
6,2
1 1 1

4 5 D C,E B,F A A B C D E F A
6 A D
3 F
1 A
2
F E

Lecture 20: Development of Surfaces (by Dr. K.V.Harish, Civil En 44

gineering)
 Case 3a: Pyramid

O AI

CH DI
DH
OH

BH AH
H OI
F OF
CI

TL
BI
B A
AR
C D BF,CF AF,DF AI

Lecture 20: Development of Surfaces (by Dr. K.V.Harish, Civil Engineering) 45

Case 3b: Oblique Pyramid

Lecture 20: Development of Surfaces (by Dr. K.V.Harish, Civil En 46

gineering)
 Case 3b: Oblique Pyramid
CT DT

OT
A1 Seam line O1

BT AT A1

Be
nd
lin
e
OF

D1

B1

C1
B F , CF AF, DF
C1 B 1 A1 D1
 ET FT
Case 3c: Truncated Right Pyramid:
Lateral Surface Development
KT LT
MT N A1 F1
DT OT T AT
E1
JT N1
HT L1
CT BT D1
OF
K1
MF M1 C1
JF J1
J1
HF H O1 H1
1
B1
NF
N1
DF EF,CF FF,BF AF Lecture 20: Development of Surfaces (by Dr. K.V.Harish, Civil En
gineering) A1
48
Case 3c: Truncated Right Pyramid: Top & Bottom Surface F1
A1
Seam line
Side Surface
E1
ET FT N1
LT Bottom Surface
KT
L1
D1
DT MT OT NT
AT

JT K1
HT C1
M1
CT BT J1
OF

O1 H1
B1

MF
Top Surface
JF JR
N1
Seam line
HF A1
HR
Note that OA in Front View is in TL
Also BC in Top View is in TL
NF
Using this information, the development of the whole (un-truncated)
DF AF pyramid is drawn
CT BT
Case 3d: Octagonal Pyramid: Lateral Surface Development
4
5 3
8 7
1
6 O 2 6

5
7 TL2 1
8
O O 4
O
3
TL1

TL1
2

6 5 4 1 2 8 1 62 3 4 1
7 8 3 7 5
Lecture 20: Development of Surfaces (by Dr. K.V.Harish, Civil 50
Engineering)
 TA111/101A ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
Lecture 20b: Development of Surfaces

Dr. K.V. Harish (Faculty Instructor – TA111 course)

Room No. 334, Faculty Building
Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kanpur, UP 208016
Phone (O): +91-512-259-6427
Email ID: kvharish@iitk.ac.in Lecture 20: Development of Surfaces (by Dr. 51
K.V.Harish, Civil Engineering)
 Summary of Presentation
• Introduction
• Definition, Examples & Basic Concepts
• Development of surfaces (DOS) of simple solids: Prism,
Pyramid, Cylinder, Cone, etc.
• True Lengths
• Methods for development of surfaces

• DOS for Complicated Solids

• Case 1: Truncated Cylinder
• Case 2: Truncated Prism and Hexagonal Prism
• Case 3: Truncated Pyramid, Right Pyramid & Octagonal
Pyramid
• Case 4: Truncated Cone and Oblique

• Transition Pieces (Cases 5 to 8)

Lecture 20: Development of Surfaces (by Dr. K.V.Harish, Civil Engineering) 52

 Case 4a: Simple Cone

𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠
𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡h𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 (𝜃)=360× * But, this cannot be done
𝑆𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 h𝑒𝑖𝑔h𝑡
in TA111/101A course

If a part of the cone is present, then proportionally the

angle of the sector will be reduced

Lecture 20: Development of Surfaces (by Dr. K.V.Harish, Civil Engineering)

53
 Case 4b:
Truncated cone
(Single
Region): Made
of triangular
elements

# Divide top view into

equal sectors
# Project to F view.

# From A1 complete triangular elements (A1-1) = Slant height of cone

# Transfer true lengths for the cut-out section and complete figure.
Lecture 20: Development of Surfaces (by Dr. K.V.Harish, Civil En 54
gineering)
 4 Case 4b: Truncated cone (Single
5 3
6 2
Region) : Made of triangular elements
AT
7 1
10 9
11
8 12 12
8
7
9 11 1I
10 6
AF
5

3
AI

1I
 Case 4c: 9’H
10’H
11’H
25

Truncated Cone 8’H 9H

10H
11H
130
12’H
e H dH
(Double regions) 7’H
8H fH
gH
o
cH
bH
aH
12H
1H
1’H
300
hH 7’
85
lH 2H
6H iH jH kH 8’
6’H 5H 3H
2’H
4H 9’
3’H
g d 5’H
4’H
7
8 10’
9
a H
j 10
11’
F g 11
7 f
e
d 12’
12
4 c
b
o
a 1’
gF aF l 1
10 k
2
j 2’
i
1 g
h 3
3’
4
6F 5
5F
8F 6 4’
9F 4F 7
10F 3F
11F 5’
2F
12F
7’F 20: Development of Surfaces (by Dr. K.V.Harish,
Lecture 1 1’Civil En 6’ 56
6’F
gineering) 5’F 4’F 3’F 2’F F, F
9’ 12’
 Case 4d: Oblique Cone
Right Circular Cone
• Defined by Base Diameter & Height
• Slant side (i.e., distance from apex
to the circumference of base) are
equal
• Axis (i.e., line joining the apex with
the centre of base) is perpendicular
to the horizonal or base

Oblique Cone
• Defined by Base Diameter & Height
• Slant side (i.e., distance from apex
to the circumference of base) are
NOT equal within one-half of the
base
• Axis (i.e., line joining the apex with
the centre of base) is NOT
perpendicular to the horizonal or
base

Lecture 20: Development of Surfaces (by Dr. K.V.Harish, Civil Engineering) 57

 Case 4d: Oblique Cone

Symmetry all throughout Symmetry only one-half

• Slant side (i.e., distance from apex to

the circumference of base) are NOT
equal within one-half of the base

Lecture 20: Development of Surfaces (by Dr. K.V.Harish, Civil Engineering) 58

 Case 4d: Oblique Cone Problem
Given: Height of cone, base
diameter and position of
vertex (or apex) are given

Lecture 20: Development of Surfaces (by Dr. K.V.Harish, Civil Engineering) 59

 Case 4d: Oblique Cone Problem

Not in TL

• D is a point below O but not on cone

• Distances D1 to D9 in TV are in TL
• Distance C1, 12, 23, etc are NOT in TL in TV and in FV
Lecture 20: Development of Surfaces (by Dr. K.V.Harish, Civil Engineering) 60
 Case 4d: Oblique Cone

OI One half of development CI

10T 1I
CT OT,DT 2I
9T
1T 3I
2T 8T 4I
3T 4 OF O 5I
7 6I
T 5T 6T T
7I
8I
9I
10I
Tru
el
en
gt
hs

CF
1F 3F 5F 7F 9F10F DF D 9 7 5 3 1 C
 TRANSITION PIECES

Lecture 20: Development of Surfaces (by Dr. K.V.Harish, Civil Engineering) 62

 Transition Pieces
• A transition piece is one that
connects two openings, which are:
• Differently shaped
• Differently sized
• May be skewed-position
• Transition pieces are usually made
up of plane and conical surfaces.
• Can be developed

Lecture 20: Development of Surfaces (by Dr. K.V.Harish, Civil Engineering) 63

Case 5: Lateral Development of Transition Pieces:
(First Angle Projection)

Two rectangular
portions of
different
dimensions
(axis symmetrical)

Lecture 20: Development of Surfaces (by Dr. K.V.Harish, Civil En 64

gineering)
 Case 6: Square-to-Round Transition Piece
9
Using Triangulation (Crude approximate development)
11 10 One circular &
another square 8
3 portions of
2
4 different
7
dimensions
5 1
(axis
6 8
symmetrical) 6 12

7
5
12
9

3
8
5 4 3 2
1 1 1
2 11
6 7 8 2

True length diagram

11 9 10 9 10
12 10

Lecture 20: Development of Surfaces (by Dr. K.V.Harish, Civil En 65

gineering)
 Case 7: First-angle projection
Transition Piece
• Non-animated version
where conical portion is
considered with 4
sectors of the pyramid
instead of two
• The construction of
surfaces is the same as
the previous case

Lecture 20: Development of Surfaces (by Dr. K.V.Harish, Civil En 66

gineering)
Shape different
and axis
Case 8: Transition Piece
unsymmetrical

Lecture 20: Development of Surfaces (by Dr. K.V.Harish, Civil En 67

gineering)
 THANK YOU

Lecture 20: Development of Surfaces (by Dr. K.V.Harish, Civil Engineering) 68