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    Muscular System

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    Almina Majid
    The muscular system comprises all body muscles, accounting for about 42% of total body weight, and is essential for movement, posture maintenance, heat production, and protection of bones and organs. It consists of specialized muscle fibers and is classified into three types: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles, which can be voluntary or involuntary. Muscle contractions can be concentric, eccentric, or isometric, and muscles are named based on features such as size, shape, location, and action.

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    Muscular System

    Uploaded by

    Almina Majid
    0 views37 pages
    The muscular system comprises all body muscles, accounting for about 42% of total body weight, and is essential for movement, posture maintenance, heat production, and protection of bones and organs. It consists of specialized muscle fibers and is classified into three types: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles, which can be voluntary or involuntary. Muscle contractions can be concentric, eccentric, or isometric, and muscles are named based on features such as size, shape, location, and action.

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    The muscular system comprises all body muscles, accounting for about 42% of total body weight, and is essential for movement, posture maintenance, heat production, and protection of bones and organs. It consists of specialized muscle fibers and is classified into three types: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles, which can be voluntary or involuntary. Muscle contractions can be concentric, eccentric, or isometric, and muscles are named based on features such as size, shape, location, and action.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    0 views37 pages

    Muscular System

    Uploaded by

    Almina Majid
    The muscular system comprises all body muscles, accounting for about 42% of total body weight, and is essential for movement, posture maintenance, heat production, and protection of bones and organs. It consists of specialized muscle fibers and is classified into three types: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles, which can be voluntary or involuntary. Muscle contractions can be concentric, eccentric, or isometric, and muscles are named based on features such as size, shape, location, and action.

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    Muscular

    System
     The muscular system
    consists of all the
    muscles of the body.

     These make up
    approximately 42% of
    total body weight.
     The muscular system is composed of specialized
    cells called muscle fibers.

     The primary purpose of muscular system is to provide


    movement for the body.
     Each muscle consists of a
    group of fibers held
    together by connective
    tissue, and enclosed in a
    fibrous sheath or fascia
    Functions of the
    Muscles

     Movement
     Maintenance of posture and muscle tone
     Heat production
     Protects the bones and internal organs
    Muscle Classification
     Function
     Voluntary - are those whose movement can
    be controlled at will or conscious control

     Involuntary - are those whose movement


    can not be controlled at will or without
    conscious control or that work involuntarily
    Voluntary:

    the muscles in our hands as


    we catch a ball.

    Involuntary:

    Beating of the heart


    Muscle Classification
     Structure

    Striated – have stripes across the fibers

    Nonstriated - no striations

    Multinucleated - having more than two nuclei


    The (3) types of Muscles
     Skeletal Muscle

     Smooth muscle

     Cardiac muscle
    Skeletal Muscle
    - Attached to bones
    - Striated
    - Responsible for locomotion,
    facial expressions, posture,
    respiratory movements, other
    types of body movement
    - Voluntary in action
    - Multinucleated
     Smooth Muscle
    - In the walls of hollow organs, blood
    vessels, eye, glands, uterus, skin
    - No striations
    - Some functions: propel urine, mix
    food in digestive tract,
    dilating/constricting pupils, regulating
    blood flow
    - Controlled involuntarily
    - Uninucleated
     Cardiac Muscle
    - Heart: major source of
    movement of blood
    - Striated
    - Controlled involuntarily
    - Autorhythmic
    - Uninucleated
    The Different shapes of Muscles
    1. Flat muscles
     with parallel fibers often
    having an aponeurosis
    • Ex: External oblique
    muscle
    2. Pennate muscle
    Featherlike , maybe uni,
    bi, or multipennate
    Ex: Deltoid muscle
    3. Fusiform muscle
    Spindle-shaped
     round, thick belly and
    tapered ends
    Ex: biceps brachii muscle
    4. Quadrate Muscle
    Has four equal sides
     square shape
    Ex: pronator quadratus muscle
    5. Circular or Sphincteral
    Surrounds a body opening or
    orifice constricting it when
    contracted
    Ex: orbicularis oculi
    Types of Muscle Contraction
    1. Concentric Contraction
    - Any contraction where the
    muscle shortens under load
    or tension.
    - For example, the quadriceps
    muscles in the thigh contract
    concentrically (shorten)
    during the upward phase of
    the squat movement
    2. Eccentric Contraction
    - refers to any contraction where
    the muscle lengthens under
    load or tension.
    - So in the squat exercise, the
    quadriceps muscles will
    contract eccentrically
    (lengthen) in the downward
    phase of the movement.
    3. Isometric Contraction
    - An isometric contraction refers to any
    contraction of muscles where little or no
    movement occurs.
    - If during the squat the person stopped
    moving at a certain point (say halfway up)
    and held that position for 10 seconds, the
    quadriceps muscle would be contracting
    isometrically, it would still be under
    load/tension but no movement would
    occur.
    Muscle Roles
    1. Agonist: The agonist in a
    movement is the muscle(s) that
    provides the major force to
    complete the movement. Because
    of this agonists are known as the
    ‘prime movers’. In the bicep curl
    which produces flexion at the
    elbow, the biceps muscle is the
    agonist.
    2. Antagonist: The antagonist in a
    movement refers to the muscles
    that oppose the agonist. During
    elbow flexion where the bicep is
    the agonist, the tricep muscle is the
    antagonist. While the agonist
    contracts causing the movement to
    occur, the antagonist typically
    relaxes
    3. Synergist:
    The synergist in a movement is the
    muscle(s) that stabilises a joint around
    which movement is occurring, which in
    turn helps the agonist function
    effectively. Synergist muscles also help
    to create the movement. In the bicep
    curl the synergist muscles are the
    brachioradialis and brachialis which
    assist the biceps to create the
    movement and stabilise the elbow joint.
    Naming Muscles
    The following are some terms relating to muscle
    features that are used in naming muscles.
    • Size: vastus (huge); maximus (large); longus (long);
    minimus (small); brevis (short).

    •Shape: deltoid (triangular); rhomboid (like a rhombus


    with equal and parallel sides); latissimus (wide); teres
    (round); trapezius (like a trapezoid, a four-sided figure
    with two sides parallel).
    • Location: pectoralis (chest); gluteus (buttock or
    rump); brachii (arm); supra- (above); infra- (below);
    sub- (under or beneath); lateralis (lateral).

    • Number of origins: biceps (two heads); triceps


    (three heads); quadriceps (four heads).
    •Origin and insertion: sternocleidomastoideus
    (origin on the sternum and clavicle, insertion on
    the mastoid process); brachioradialis (origin on the
    brachium or arm, insertion on the radius).

    •Action: abductor (to abduct a structure); adductor


    (to adduct a structure); flexor (to flex a structure);
    extensor (to extend a structure); levator (to lift or
    elevate a structure); masseter (a chewer).
    Muscles named by Location
    Epicranius (around cranium)
    Tibialis anterior (front
    of tibia)
    Muscles named by Shape
    Trapezius (trapezoid)
    Rhomboideus (Rhomboid)
    Muscles named by Size
    gluteus maximus
    Major Mastoid

    muscles… Pectoral
    Biceps
    Obliques
    Abdominal

    Rectus Femoris
    Sartorius (Rec tus FĔM er us)
    (sahr TOR ee us)

    Tibialis
    (tib ee AIL us) Gastrocnemius
    (gas trock NEE mee us)
    Soleus
    (SŌ lee us)
    Major Trapezius
    (trah PEE zee us)

    muscles…
    Deltoid
    Latissimus Dorsi (DEL toid)
    (lah TISS ah mus DOOR sigh)
    Triceps
    Gluteus medius
    (GLOO tee us MEE dee us)

    Gluteus maximus Hamstrings


    (GLOO tee us MAX ah mus)

    Achilles tendon
    Gastrocnemius
    (gas trock nee mee us)

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