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L3 - Linear Algebra - System of Equation-new

The document provides an overview of linear systems of equations, defining homogeneous and non-homogeneous systems, and discussing methods for solving them, such as matrix form and Gauss elimination. It explains the concepts of existence and uniqueness of solutions based on the rank of coefficient and augmented matrices. Additionally, it highlights the properties of solution vectors in homogeneous systems and the relationship between non-homogeneous and homogeneous solutions.

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4 views

L3 - Linear Algebra - System of Equation-new

The document provides an overview of linear systems of equations, defining homogeneous and non-homogeneous systems, and discussing methods for solving them, such as matrix form and Gauss elimination. It explains the concepts of existence and uniqueness of solutions based on the rank of coefficient and augmented matrices. Additionally, it highlights the properties of solution vectors in homogeneous systems and the relationship between non-homogeneous and homogeneous solutions.

Uploaded by

rdasii3377
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Linear Algebra

Review: System of Linear


Equations

4.1
Linear system:
A linear system of m equations in n unknowns is a set of
equations of the form

The system is called linear because each variable appears in


the first power only, just as in the equation of a straight line.
The terms a11 , a12 ,  , amn are given numbers, called the
coefficients of the system. b1 , b2 ,  , bm on the right are also given
numbers.
If all the b j are zero, then system is called a homogeneous
system. If at least one b j is not zero, then system is called a non-
homogeneous system.
4.2
 To solve system of equations we are having various methods .

 One of the familiar method is converting the equation into


matrix form then solving by using Gauss-elimination or
Gauss-Jordon method.

4.3
Matrix Form of the Linear System:

4.4
Elementary Row Operations for Matrices:
 Interchange of two rows
 Addition of a constant multiple of one row to another row

⇕
 Multiplication of a row by a nonzero constant c

Elementary Operations for Equations:


 Interchange of two equations
 Addition of a constant multiple of one equation to another
equation
 Multiplication of an equation by a nonzero constant c

Row-equivalent linear systems have the same set of


solutions.
Solutions of Linear Systems: Existence & Uniqueness
 Existence. A linear system of m equations in n unknowns

is consistent, that is, has solutions, if and only if the coefficient


~
A
matrix A and the augmented matrix have the same rank.
Here,
 a11 a12  a1n   a11 a12  a1n b1 
a  
a22  a2 n  ~  a21 a22  a2 n b2 
A  21 and A 
         
   
 am1 am 2  amn   am1 am 2  amn bm 
4.6
 Uniqueness. The system (1) has precisely one solution if and
~
only if this common rank r of A and A
equals n.
 Infinitely many solutions. If this common rank r is less than n,
the system (1) has infinitely many solutions. All of these
solutions are obtained by determining r suitable unknowns
(whose sub-matrix of coefficients must have rank r) in terms of
the remaining n - r unknowns, to which arbitrary values can be
assigned.
 Gauss elimination: If solutions exist, they can all be obtained
by the Gauss elimination. (This method will automatically
reveal whether or not solutions exist)
If x and y are solution vectors of a homogeneous linear
system, then a x + b y with any scalars a and b is a solution vector
of the homogeneous linear system.
(This does not hold for Non-homogeneous systems. Also, the
term solution space is used for homogeneous systems only.)

 If a non-homogeneous linear system is consistent, then all of


its solutions are obtained as
z=x+y
where x is any (fixed) solution of non-homogeneous linear system
and y runs through all the solutions of the corresponding
homogeneous system.

4.8
Thank
You
4.9

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