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The document explains the commutation process in DC generators, detailing how alternating current generated in the armature is converted into direct current via the commutator and brushes. It outlines the roles of the armature, current reversal, commutator, and brushes in maintaining a consistent current flow. Additionally, it discusses methods for improving commutation, including resistance commutation, voltage commutation, and compensating windings.

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Beatus Kwilasa
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15 views

PPT

The document explains the commutation process in DC generators, detailing how alternating current generated in the armature is converted into direct current via the commutator and brushes. It outlines the roles of the armature, current reversal, commutator, and brushes in maintaining a consistent current flow. Additionally, it discusses methods for improving commutation, including resistance commutation, voltage commutation, and compensating windings.

Uploaded by

Beatus Kwilasa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PRINCIPLE OF DC

MACHINES
PRESENTATION
GROUP NUMBER 17

Question: Explain commutation process of


DCgenerators
Introduction
• Commutation in DC generator is the process in
which generated alternating current in the
armature winding of a dc machine is converted into
direct current after going through the commutator
and the stationary brushes.
• Commutator is a rotary electrical switch in certain
types of electric motors and electrical generators
that periodically reverses the current direction
between the rotor and the
Explanation of The Commutation
Process in a DC Generator:

1. Armature Rotation:
The armature is a critical component of a DC
generator and is responsible for generating the
electrical output. It consists of a core made of soft
iron laminations to minimize eddy current losses. The
core is cylindrical in shape and is mounted on a shaft
that can rotate within the generator. The armature
core contains slots or grooves where the armature
windings are placed.
2. Current Reversal:
As the armature rotates within the magnetic field, the relative
motion between the magnetic field and the conductors induces
an electromotive force (EMF) in the armature windings.
According to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, the
magnitude of the induced EMF is proportional to the rate of
change of magnetic flux. As the coils move through the
magnetic field, the magnetic flux linking the coils changes,
resulting in the generation of an alternating current (AC) in the
armature windings.. The direction of the current changes as the
coil moves from one pole to another due to the reversal of the
magnetic field. This alternating current is not suitable for most
applications, so it needs to be converted into direct current.
3. Commutator:
The commutator is a cylindrical assembly mounted
on the shaft of the armature. It consists of a series of
metal segments, usually made of copper, which are
insulated from each other. The number of segments
is equal to the number of coils in the armature. Each
segment is connected to the ends of a coil.
Commutator
4. Brushes:
Stationary brushes are in contact with the
commutator segments. The brushes are usually
made of carbon or graphite, which are good
conductors of electricity. They are positioned in such
a way that they maintain contact with the
commutator segments as the armature rotates.
5. Commutation Process:
As a coil rotates in the magnetic field, the current
induced in it reaches its maximum value when it is in
a position perpendicular to the magnetic field lines.
At this point, the commutator segments are in
contact with the brushes, and the current flows
through the external circuit.
6.Commutator Action:
As the coil continues to rotate, its position changes,
and the direction of the induced current starts to
reverse. However, the commutator segments are also
rotating and are connected to different brushes. This
ensures that the current flow in the external circuit
remains in the same direction as the coil passes
through the neutral plane, where the current is zero.
7. Brush Placement:
The brushes are placed in such a way that they
maintain contact with the commutator segments
before and after the coil passes through the neutral
plane. This allows the current to flow in the same
direction in the external circuit, even as the direction
of the induced current in the coil reverses.
Methods for improving
commutation
• 1.Resistance Commutation
• The Resistance Commutation method uses carbon
brushes for improving commutation. The use of
carbon brushes makes contact resistance between
commutator segments and brushes high. This high
contact resistance has the tendency to force the
current in the short-circuited coil to change
according to the commutation requirements.
2. Voltage Commutation
In the Voltage Commutation method, the
arrangement is made to induce a voltage in the coil
undergoing the commutation process, which will
neutralize the reactance voltage.
This injected voltage is in opposition to the reactance
voltage. If the value of the injected voltage is made
equal to the reactance voltage, there will be a quick
reversal of current in the short-circuited coil and as a
result, there will be sparkles commutation
3.Compensating Windings
The most efficient method of eliminating the problem of
armature reaction and flashover by balancing the armature mmf
is the compensating windings. The windings are placed in the
slots provided in pole faces parallel to the rotor conductors. These
windings are connected in series with the armature windings.
The direction of currents in the compensating winding must be
opposite to that in the armature winding just below the pole
faces. Thus, compensating winding produces mmf that is equal
and opposite to the armature MMF. The compensating winding
demagnetizes or neutralizes the armature flux produced by the
armature conductors. The flux per pole is then undisturbed by the
armature flux regardless of the load conditions.
Thank you

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