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4 Sampling distributions

The document provides an overview of sampling terminology and concepts, including definitions of population, sampling units, and sampling frames. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of sample surveys versus censuses, as well as the concept of statistics and sampling distributions. Additionally, it includes examples and exercises related to sampling distributions and calculations for various scenarios.

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6 views9 pages

4 Sampling distributions

The document provides an overview of sampling terminology and concepts, including definitions of population, sampling units, and sampling frames. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of sample surveys versus censuses, as well as the concept of statistics and sampling distributions. Additionally, it includes examples and exercises related to sampling distributions and calculations for various scenarios.

Uploaded by

ranijohn
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sampling terminology

Sampling is an important Mathematical tool used in a wide range of fields,


from piloting new drugs to testing electrical & mechanical parts to marketing.

Understanding the terminology used and the strengths & weaknesses of


different sampling methods is part of S2, so some ‘English’ is required!

Eg if the Head wished to survey pupils, A census is when all members


of a population are polled.
A population is a collection A census gives reliable information
of all items (of a group) but is time consuming, expensive,
and impossible if testing destroys
All pupils attending the school
sample (e.g. testing product lifespan).
A sampling unit is an individual Surveying every pupil
member of a population
A sample survey is when only
The pupils
part of a population is polled.
A sampling frame is a potential A sample is cheaper & quicker but
source of sample units. potentially not representative and biased.
A full list of pupils Surveying a selection of pupils
WB16 A large dental practice wishes to investigate the level
of satisfaction of its patients.
(a) Suggest a suitable sampling frame for the investigation.

A list of patients registered with the practice

(b) Identify the sampling units.

The patients

(c) State one advantage and one disadvantage


of using a sample survey rather than a census.
Advantages: quicker, cheaper, easier
Disadvantages: potential for bias of sample
Read page 97 on ‘the concept of a statistic’

WB15 Explain what you understand by


(a) a population,
A collection of all items

(b) a statistic.
A random variable that is a function of the sample,
that contains no unknown quantities/parameters

A researcher took a sample of 100 voters from a certain town


and asked them who they would vote for in an election. The
proportion who said they would vote for Dr Smith was 35%.
(c) State the population and the statistic in this case.

Population – the voters in the town


Statistic – the percentage voting for Dr Smith

(d) Explain what you understand by the sampling distribution of this statistic.
The probability distribution of those voting for
Dr Smith from all possible samples of size 100
WB15 Explain what you understand by
(a) a population,

A collection of all items

(b) a statistic.

A random variable that is a function of the sample,


that contains no unknown quantities/parameters

A researcher took a sample of 100 voters from a certain town


and asked them who they would vote for in an election. The
proportion who said they would vote for Dr Smith was 35%.
(c) State the population and the statistic in this case.

Population – the voters in the town


Statistic – the percentage voting for Dr Smith

(d) Explain what you understand by the sampling distribution of this statistic.

The probability distribution of those voting for


Dr Smith from all possible samples of size 100
WB17 A random sample X1, X2, ... Xn is taken from a population with unknown
mean μ and unknown variance σ 2. A statistic Y is based on this sample.
(a) Explain what you understand by the statistic Y.

A random variable that is a function of the sample,


that contains no unknown quantities/parameters

(b) Explain what you understand by the sampling distribution of Y.

The probability distribution of Y or the distribution of all possible values of Y

(c) State, giving a reason which of the following is not a statistic based on this sample.
. 2
2
n
(X i  X ) n
 X   n
(i)  (ii)   i  Xi
2
 (iii)
i 1 n i 1    i 1

(ii) is not a statistic since it contains unknown parameters


A statistic’s sampling distribution is the set of all possible values it can
take, based on the sample used, with their corresponding probabilities.
WB18 A bag contains a large number of coins.
It contains only 1p and 2p coins in the ratio 1:3.
(a) Find the mean μ and the variance σ2 of the values of this population of coins.

x 1p 2p
1 3 E X   x. p ( x) 141  2 34  74
P(X = x) 4 4

Var ( X )  E ( X 2 )  E ( X )
2
 
E X 2 12 41  22 34 134
where  
E X 2  x 2 . p ( x) Var ( X ) 134  74 2 163
A random sample of size 3 is taken from the bag. (c) Find the sampling distribution
(b) List all the possible samples. of the mean value of the samples.

Samples Mean Probability


(1,1,1) 1 41 3  641
3 41  34  649
2
(2,1,1) , (1,2,1) , (1,1,2) 1 31
3 41 34   27
2
(2,2,1) , (2,1,2) , (1,2,2) 1 32 64

(2,2,2) 2 34 3  2764 Now do p102, Q7


Q9 A large box of coins 5p, 10p and 20p coins in the ratio 3:2:1
A random sample of 2 coins is taken from the box and their values are recorded.
a) List all the possible samples that can be taken.
b) Find the sampling distribution for the mean Y

Samples Mean Probability


(5,5) 5 21 2  41
(5,10), (10,5) 7 21 2 21 31  31
(10,10) 10 31 2  91
(5,20), (20,5) 12 21 2 21 61  61
(10,20) , (20,10) 15 2 31 61  91
(20,20) 20 61 2  361
Q10 A bag contains a large number of counters.
60% have a value of 6
40% have a value of 10.
A random sample of 3 counters is drawn from the bag.
a) Write down all the possible samples.
b) Find the sampling distribution for the median N
c) Find the sampling distribution for the mode M

Samples Median Mode Probability


(6,6,6) 6 6 0.63 0.216
(6,6,10) , (6,10,6) , (10,6,6) 6 6 3 0.6 2 0.4 0.432
(10,10,6) , (10,6,10), (6,10,10) 10 10 3 0.6 0.4 2 0.288
(10,10,10) 10 10 0.43 0.064

M&N Probability
6 0.216  0.432 0.648
10 0.288  0.064 0.352

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