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DNA Replication

DNA replication is the process of copying a DNA molecule to produce two identical molecules, involving unwinding the double helix and synthesizing new strands based on complementary base pairing. Key enzymes such as helicase, primase, and DNA polymerase play crucial roles in this process, ensuring accuracy and speed. This replication is essential for cell division, allowing each new cell to receive a complete set of genetic instructions.

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17 views26 pages

DNA Replication

DNA replication is the process of copying a DNA molecule to produce two identical molecules, involving unwinding the double helix and synthesizing new strands based on complementary base pairing. Key enzymes such as helicase, primase, and DNA polymerase play crucial roles in this process, ensuring accuracy and speed. This replication is essential for cell division, allowing each new cell to receive a complete set of genetic instructions.

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twinparadox
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DNA REPLICATION

DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic


Acid that contains the genetic
information of an organism
located on the nucleus of each
cell in our body.
The DNA is a double helix
compose of 2 strands winded
together. Each strand is
composed of nucleotides made of
deoxyribose sugar, phosphate,
and nitrogen base.
Activity
Construct the right strand
of your DNA model by
applying the
complementary base
pairing of the Nitrogen
Bases.
5’ 3’

3’ 5’
5’ 3’

3’
5’
DNA replication
• The process of copying a DNA molecule to
produce two identical DNA molecules
• The parent molecule unwinds, and two new
daughter strands are built based on base-
pairing rules T
T A T A A T A T A T
G C G C G C G C G C G
A
A T A T A T A T A T A
C
T A T A T A T A T A T
T
C G C G C C G C G C
A
G
G

(a) The parent molecule has two (b) The first step in replication is (c) Each parental strand now (d) The nucleotides are connected
complementary strands of DNA. separation of the two DNA serves as a template that to form the sugar-phosphate
Each base is paired by hydrogen strands. determines the order of backbones of the new strands.
bonding with its specific partner, nucleotides along a new, Each “daughter” DNA
A with T and G with C. complementary strand. molecule consists of one parental
strand and one new strand.
DNA Replication
• The copying of DNA is remarkable in its
speed and accuracy (50 pairs/second)
• Involves unwinding the double helix and
synthesizing two new strands.
Mechanism in DNA replication

Helicase unwinds Primase adds


parental double helix short primer
to template strand

DNA polymerase III Ligase joins Okazaki


binds nucleotides fragments and seals
to form new strands other nicks in sugar-
phosphate backbone
Replication
Leading
3’ Strand

5’
3’

5’
Lagging
Strand

1. Helicase unwinds DNA strands.


The two strands of DNA split.
creating the Replication Fork.
Replication
Leading
3’ Strand
3’ 5’
5’
3’

5’ 3’
5’
Lagging
Strand

2. A short piece of RNA called


a primer binds as the starting
point for replication. Primers are
generated by the
enzyme Primase.
Replication
Overall direction
3’
of replication
3’ 5’
5’

3’

5’ 3’
5’

3. DNA polymerase enzyme adds DNA


Nucleotides to the RNA primer. It also
proofreads the pairing and repairs the
Error.
Replication

3’
3’

5’
3’
5’ 3’5’ 3’
5’

4. Ligase bonds between sugar-


phosphate backbone to form one unified
strand.
Replication Fork Overview

Okazaki
Why does DNA
need to be
replicated or
copied?
Every day, every
hour, every second
one of the most
important events in
life is going on in
your body—cells
are dividing. When
cells divide, they
make new cells.
Cells divide for many reasons. For
example, when you skin your knee, cells
divide to replace old, dead, or damaged
cells. Cells also divide so living things can
grow. When organisms grow, it isn't
because cells are getting larger.
Each cell needs a full instruction manual
to operate properly. So the DNA needs to
be copied before cell division so that
each new cell receives a full set of
instructions!
Evaluation
Construct the complementary DNA
strand by applying the base-pairing
rule.

TACCGAATCGGCTCGAATT
C
Evaluation
Write True if the statement is correct
and false if the statement is wrong.
1.Replication is separating of DNA
strands and sending to each
daughter cell during cell division.
2.DNA needs to be exactly copied so
that each cell has the same set of
genetic information.
3.The helicase binds the fragments
of sugar-phosphate backbone.
Evaluation
4. DNA Polymerase acts as a
proofreader during replication
process.

5. The complementary base-pairing


rule states that adenine will always
pair with cytosine and guanine pairs
with thymine.

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