ENGLISH

Topic of the Day

Tenses & Voice

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There are three Types in Tenses

Past Tense
Present Tense
Future Tense

Past Tense is used to demonstrate/ write events in the past.

Present Tense is used to demonstrate/ write events in the present

Future Tense is used to demonstrate/ write events likely to happen in the

future.
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Past Tense Structures
Simple Past
Subject + ‘ate’ + Object / Object + ‘was eaten’ + by + Agent Past
Continuous
Subject + ‘was eating’ + Object / Object + ‘was being eaten’ + by + Agent
Past Perfect
Subject + ‘had eaten’ + Object / Object + ‘had been eaten’ + by + Agent
Past Perfect Continuous
Subject + ‘had been eating’ + Object
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Present Tense Structure
Simple Present
Subject + ‘eat/ eats’ + Object / Object + ‘is/ am/ are eaten’ + by +
Agent
Present Continuous
Subject + ‘am/is/are eating’ + Object / Object + ‘is/ are’ being eaten +
by + Agent
Present Perfect
Subject + ‘has/ have eaten’ + Object / Object + ‘has / have been eaten’
+ by + Agent
Present Perfect Continuous
Subject + ‘has/ have been eating’ + Object
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Future Tense Structure
Simple Future
Subject + ‘shall/ will eat’ + Object / Object + ‘shall/ will be eaten’ + by +
Agent

Future Continuous
Subject + ‘shall/ will be eating’ + Object

Future Perfect
Subject + ‘ shall/ will have eaten’ + Object / Object + ‘shall/ will have been
eaten’ + by + Agent

Future Perfect Continuous

Subject + ‘shall/ will have been eating’ + Object
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Uses of Simple Present

Use No 1: Habitual Action

E.g. My father goes for a walk everyday.
She brushes her teeth twice a day.

Use No-2: Adverbs of frequency

Always, sometimes, sometimes, usually, rarely, never, occasionally, often
E.g. He often comes home late.
His wife never cooks.
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Uses of Simple Present
Use No 3: Sentences that start with here and there and ends with !
E.g. Here comes the bus!
There she goes!

Use No-4: For an official plan in future.

E.g. The P.M goes to the USA next month.
She visits Germany next week.

Use No-5: General Truths

E.g. The sun rises in the east.
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Uses of Present Continuous
Use no-1: To express an action going on at the time of speaking.
E.g. She is working on a project now.
I am watching television now.

Use No-2: To express an action going on ‘now-a-days’, ‘these days’, at the

moment’, at present, currently etc.
E.g. He is preparing for CDS these days.
I am working on an offsite project now-a-days.
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Uses of Present Continuous
Use no-3: For a planned action in nearest future.
E.g. I am going to cinema tonight.
They are coming tomorrow.

Use No-4: For strong intention or likelihood.

E.g. He is going to help me.
It is going to rain.
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Uses of Present Perfect
Use no-1: For actions that got completed in recent past.
E.g. I have completed my work just now.
She has just completed her task.

Use No-2: For expressions such as ‘recently, up to now, so far, yet, till now’
E.g. He has recently completed the project.
She has already submitted the task.
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Uses of Present Perfect
Use no-3: Any sentence that has ‘not’ and ‘Since or For’ is written in perfect.
E.g. We have not met her since 2017.
She hasn’t seen him for the last 10 years.

Use No-4: With stative verbs.

E.g. I have known him for 25 years.
The taj Mahal has stood here for centuries.
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Uses of Present Perfect Continuous
Use no-1: For actions that started in the past and is still going on.
E.g. She has been living in Chandigarh since 1998.
He has been staying in this house for 24 years.
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Rules in Tenses
Rule 1: Past Simple + Past Perfect
Two actions in the past, happened such that one happened earlier and
the other one subsequently. The previous action is written in the Past
Perfect whereas the subsequent one in Simple Past tense.
E.g. He had reached home before the sun set.
I found that someone had stolen my wallet.
Rule 2: Past simple + Past Continuous
Two actions in the past happened such that one was continuous and
the other was sudden. The continuous action is written in past continuous
while the sudden one in Simple Past.
E.g. She jumped off the train while it was moving.
The inmates were sleeping when I entered the room.
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Rules in Tenses
Rule 3: Past Simple + Past Simple / Past Continuous + Past Continuous
Two actions in the past happened simultaneously. Both the actions can
be written in Past Continuous or both in Past Simple.
E.g. She was cooking while her husband was washing dishes.
She cooked while her husband washed dishes.

Rule 4: Past simple + Present Perfect

E.g. I have not met him since he came to India.
I have known him since she retired from the school.
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Rules in Tenses
Rule 5: Past Perfect Continuous + Simple Past
Two actions in the past; one was continuous and it happened for
sometime when a subsequent action happened. The previous action is
written in Past Perfect Continuous whereas the subsequent action in
Simple Past.
E.g. He had been working for 3 hours when his father came.

Rule 6: Past simple + Present Perfect Continuous

E.g. He has been working in this company since India got independence.
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Rules in Tenses
Rule 7: Future Simple + Present Simple
In conditional Sentences, the main clause is written in Simple Present
whereas the dependent clause in future simple.
E.g. If you run fast, you will win the race.

Rule 8: S + Wish + S + had + V3 + Object + …..S + Simple past

E.g. I wish I had met him when I was in college.
She wishes she had studied literature when she was in college.
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Rules in Tenses
Rule 9: For habitual actions in the past
S + would + V1 + ….Everyday/ daily/ every week + Simple past
E.g. I would wait for my friends everyday in the park last year.
She would reach the museum every week when she was in college.

Rule 10: Simple future in main clause and dependent clause when the
sentence starts with a time clause.
E.g. When you will succeed, we will celebrate.
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Rules in Tenses
Rule 11: Future Continuous + Simple Present
Used for an action that will take place at a fixed time in future
E.g. My dog will be waiting at the gate when I reach home today.

Rule 12: Simple Present + Present Perfect

E.g. I wish to join the army when I have completed my graduation.
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Conditionals
Zero Conditional: Simple Present + Simple Present
Both the clauses are written in Simple Present. The main clause is a truth.
E.g. If you heat ice, it melts.
If death knocks the door, it spares none.

First Conditional: Simple Present + Simple Future

The main Clause in simple Future and the dependent clause in Simple
future.
E.g. If you run fast, you will win the race.
If you study hard, you will pass the exam.
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Conditionals
Second Conditional: Structure
If + S + had + V3 + Obj ……+ S + would + V1 + obj
E.g. I we had some books, we would donate them to studious students.
If he had some money, he would give them to the poor.

Third Conditional: Structure

If + Sub + had + V3 + O…..S + would have + V3
Had + I + V3 + O ….S + would have + V3
E.g. If I had known it was so far away, I would have taken a taxi.
Had I known it was so far away, I would have taken a taxi.
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Conditionals
Unrealistic Conditional: Structure
If + S + were + Obj ……+ S + would + V1 + obj
Were + S + O ….. S + would + V1 + obj
E.g. If I a bird, I would fly.
Were I a bird, I would fly.

It is time / It is high time / It is about time + S + Simple Past

E.g. It is about time we went home
It is time you realized your mistake.
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Voice
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Active Voice

It is used to give prominence to the Subject in a

sentence.

Passive Voice

It is used to give prominence to the object in a

sentence.
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Present simple

S + V1/V5 + O

O + is/am/are + V3 + by + Agent

E.g. He eats a mango.

A mango is eaten by him.

They eat mangoes.

Mangoes are eaten by them.
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Present Continuous

S + is/ am/ are + V4 + O

O + is/am/are + being + V3 + by + Agent

E.g. He is eating a mango.

A mango is being eaten by him.

They are eating mangoes.

Mangoes are being eaten by them.
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Present Perfect

S + has / have + V3 + O

O + has/ have+ been + V3 + by + Agent

E.g. He has eaten a mango.

A mango has been eaten by him.

They have eaten mangoes.

Mangoes have been eaten by them.
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Present Perfect Continuous

S + has / have + been + V4 + O

No Passive
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Past Simple

S + V2+ O

O + was/ were + V3 + by + Agent

E.g. He ate a mango.

A mango was eaten by him.

They ate mangoes.

Mangoes were eaten by them.
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Past Continuous

S + was / were + V4+ O

O + was/ were + being + V3 + by + Agent

E.g. He was eating a mango.

A mango was being eaten by him.

They were eating mangoes.

Mangoes were being eaten by them.
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Past Perfect

S + had + V3+ O

O + had + been + V3 + by + Agent

E.g. He had eaten a mango.

A mango had been eaten by him.

They had eaten mangoes.

Mangoes had been eaten by them.
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Past Perfect Continuous

S + had + been + V4 + O

No Passive
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Future Simple

S + will / shall + V1 + O

O + will / shall + be + V3 + by + Agent

E.g. He will eat a mango.

A mango will be eaten by him.

They will eat mangoes.

Mangoes will be eaten by them.
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Future Continuous

S + will / shall + be + V4 + O

No Passive.
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Future Perfect

S + will / shall + have + V3 + O

O + will / shall + have + been + V3 + by + agent

E.g. He will have eaten a mango.

A mango will have been eaten by him.

They will have been eaten mangoes.

Mangoes will have been eaten by them.
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Future Perfect Continuous

S + will / shall + have + been + V4 + O

No Passive.
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Imperative Sentences

V1 + Object

Let + Object + be + V3

E.g. Shut the door.

Let the door be shut.

Bring it.
Let it be brought.
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Cognitive Verbs
Think, believe, observe, consider, assume, know

S + V1 / V2 + (that) + S + will / would + V1 + O

It + is/was + V3 + (that) + S + will / would + V1 + O

E.g. I believe that he will pass the exam.

It is believed by me that he will pass the exam.

They think that he will surrender soon.

It is thought that he will surrender soon.
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Commands, requests and orders

E.g. Bring me a glass of water.

You are ordered to bring a glass of water.

Please lend me your books for some time.

You are requested to lend me your books for some time.
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Thank you!!