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Protein Synthesis

The document explains protein synthesis, detailing the roles of DNA and RNA in the process, including transcription and translation. It covers the structure and function of proteins, the types of RNA involved, and how mutations can affect protein structure and function. Additionally, it describes various types of mutations and their potential impacts on genetic information.

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nica onica
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2 views

Protein Synthesis

The document explains protein synthesis, detailing the roles of DNA and RNA in the process, including transcription and translation. It covers the structure and function of proteins, the types of RNA involved, and how mutations can affect protein structure and function. Additionally, it describes various types of mutations and their potential impacts on genetic information.

Uploaded by

nica onica
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Protein Synthesis

Explain how protein is made using information from DNA


(S10LTIIId-37).
“Our own genomes carry the story of evolution,

written in DNA, the language of molecular

genetics, and the narrative is unmistakable.”

-Kenneth R. Miller
What are proteins?
What are proteins?

 biomolecules inside cells, and


they compose a number of
structures and perform various
functions inside cells
What are proteins?

They are composed of amino acids linked together by


peptide bonds. What are the roles and functions of proteins?
 channels in membranes – control the movement of
molecules in and out of the cell
 structural molecules – for example, making up hair or
muscle in animals
 hormones – to regulate the activity of cells
 antibodies – in the immune system
 enzymes – to act as catalysts in biological systems
Unlocking of terms

Amino acids – building block of proiteins


DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA ribonucleic acid
molecules that contains genetic information
Nucleotides bases – bases used in the DNA
(adenine, thymine,cytocine guanine, and uracil)
Genes- functional unit of heredity
Codons –sequence of 3 consecutive nucleotides
DNA vs
RNA
Activity 1
DNA complementary bases

In DNA, the nucleotides are deoxyribose sugars


attached to the phosphate group and one of four
nitrogen bases
Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Cytosine(C)
Guanine (G)
DNA complementary bases

 Adenine is always paired with Thymine (A-T)


 Cytosine is always paired with Guanine (C-G)

ATGGCATACGATCGAT
TACCGTATGCTAGCTA
DNA-RNA

Thymine is always paired with Adenine (T-A)


Cytosine is always paired with Guanine (C-G)
Adenine is paired with Uracil (A-U)

TACCGTATGCTAGCTA
AUGGCAUACGAUCGAU
There are 3 types of RNA:

1. Messenger RNA (mRNA)


- transcribes the DNA nucleotide bases to RNA nucleotide
bases
2. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
- binds the mRNA and tRNA to ensure that codons are translated
correctly
3. Transfer RNA (tRNA)
- translates the mRNA codons into the correct amino acids
REPLICATION

Process in
which DNA
makes a copy of
itself
Replication
Transcription

 Process in which
information in the
DNA is copied into
new molecules of
mRNA.
TRANSCRIPTION

INITIATION- RNA polymerase attaches to the DNA


template (one of the DNA strand) at the promoter
site. DNA unwinds.
ELONGATION- DNA strand is paired with mRNA
strand.
TERMINATION- when RNA crosses a STOP
CODON, the mRNA strand is complete. The mRNA
strand detaches from the DNA
TRANSLATION

mRNA
molecules is
translated into
sequence of
amino acid.
TRANSLATION

INITIATION- ribosomes attached to the mRNA and


the first tRNA (carries start codon)
Elongation- amino acid are brought to the
ribosomes by the tRNAs and linked together to
form a chain
TERMINATION- when the tRNA reaches the stop
codon, the finished polypeptide is released to do
its job in the cell.
Mutation
1. Explain how mutations may cause changes in the structure and function of a protein (S10LTIIIe-38).
Mutation
are changes to a DNA
sequence. Just like the
information in DNA as
a group of sentences,
mutations are
mistakes in spelling of
the words that form
those sentences.
Mutagens

agents that cause alteration in


the DNA and can lead to
permanent mutations in the
DNA sequence depending on
the ability of an organism to
repair the damage. Examples
of mutagens are radioactive
substances, x-rays, ultraviolet
radiation, and certain
chemicals or drugs.
TYPES OF MUTATION

 POINT MUTATION
 type mutation in DNA or RNA wherein one single nucleotide base is
deleted, added or altered. This can lead to substitution mutation.
 FRAMESHIFT
 happens when the normal sequence of codons is disorganized by the
insertion or deletion of one or more nitrogenous bases, given that the
number of nitrogenous bases added or deleted is not a multiple of
three.
POINT MUTATION

 SILENT
 happens when a nitrogenous base is altered but the same amino
acid is produced
 Nonsense mutation
 results in the formation of a stop codon due to the substitution of
one nitrogenous base.
 missense mutation.
 When one nitrogenous base of the DNA is replaced and the result is
an altered codon but does not form a stop codon, it is classified as
missense mutation.
SILENT MUTATION
NONSENSE MUTATION
MISSENSE MUTATION

 Conservative mutation:
When the new amino acid
formed has the same
properties of the one that
was supposed to be
produced.
 Non-conservative: When
the new amino acid formed
has different properties of
the one that was supposed
to be produced.
FRAMESHIFT MUTATION
Deletion

1. happens when a base is deleted from the


nitrogen base sequence.
Albinism

 Is an autosomal
recessive disorder in
which the formation of
melanin is reduced or
absent in skin, hair, and
eyes due to the lack of
activity of tyrosinase.
This is caused by the
deletion of the
tyrosinase gene.
Duplication

 occurs when a part


of a chromosome is
copied (duplicated)
too many times.
This type of
chromosomal
change results in
extra copies of
genetic material
from the duplicated
segment.
Inversion

when a
segment of a
chromosome
is reversed
end to end
Insertion

the addition of
one or more
nucleotide
base pairs into
a DNA
sequence.
Translocation

segments of
two
chromosomes
are exchanged.
Down syndrome

Down syndrome or Trisomy


21. It is related with slight
retardation of cognitive
ability. It is also
characterized with
impairment of physical
growth, body and facial
features. Down syndrome is
caused by a translocation
during meiosis that
transfers most of
chromosome 21

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