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The document outlines the key events and societal dynamics of the French Revolution, highlighting the financial crisis, the formation of the National Assembly, and the subsequent rise of the Jacobins. It details the transition from monarchy to republic, the execution of King Louis XVI, and the establishment of Napoleon's dictatorship. The narrative emphasizes the contradictions and challenges faced during the revolutionary period, leading to the eventual rise and fall of Napoleon's empire.

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Faizullah Magsi
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14 views29 pages

Eu 02

The document outlines the key events and societal dynamics of the French Revolution, highlighting the financial crisis, the formation of the National Assembly, and the subsequent rise of the Jacobins. It details the transition from monarchy to republic, the execution of King Louis XVI, and the establishment of Napoleon's dictatorship. The narrative emphasizes the contradictions and challenges faced during the revolutionary period, leading to the eventual rise and fall of Napoleon's empire.

Uploaded by

Faizullah Magsi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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European History

Instructor: Mudasser Yasin (CSS-2021, MA Pol. Science, PU)


Revolution in France
• Two events shook the world in 1789: revolutionary and
American constitution

• Sequence : Revolution, war, dictatorship, empire

• People did not want revolution they wanted other things

• Literature of philosophers and French thinkers, Diderot,


Rousseau, and Voltaire

• Revolution took a turn that even philosophers had opposed


Revolutionary Tide
• Financial crisis of France

• People wanted an equitable taxation system

• Inflation

• Nobody of importance wanted revolution, people’s hopes


centered upon the king Louis XVI
Society of France
• Three classes: peasantry and middle class , clergy, and nobility

• Relationship between nobility and clergy

• They were only half a million in 24 million French citizens

• Structure of Estates General


• The king’s dilemma: Either reform and destroy the old regime
or do not reform and still destroy the ancien regime

• He depended on aristocracy
• Only a revolutionary monarch could have reformed
The Crisis of 1789
• Inflation driven by mercantilist policies the biggest reason

• Bad harvests of 1787 and 1788

• Estates General could not ameliorate grievances

• Extravagances of the Queen and the brothers of the king

• 17 June, Estates General took the title of National Assembly


and was joined by individual nobles and clergy

• 20 June tennis court oath by the Assembly


The Crisis of 1789
• 4 August, these liberal nobles surrendered their special rights

• However, it was too late , the mob had already tasted power
on 14 July by capturing Bastille

• The king didn’t accept the third estate’s right of majority

• The National Assembly formed by the third estate decided to


form a constitution for the people
• Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

• It was a universal message to all people still enslaved by their


elites
The Crisis of 1789
• It included equality of all, eligibility of citizens for all posts ,
personal freedom, freedom of speech, and equitable taxation

• This was the death certificate of the old order

• It didn’t intend universal suffrage

• Made distinction between active and passive citizens

• Envisaged a parliamentary system based on Montesquieu’s


separation of power more than Rousseau’s popular
sovereignty
The Crisis of 1789
• 5 October . Women march to Versailles demanding bread

• Brought the king back to Paris


The Roots of War 1790-1791
• Two main causes : Civil constitution made church a
department of the state, role of emigres

• The king passed the proclamation to make church


subordinated of the state and separate Church of France from
pope

• Pope rejected and half of bishops rejected it as well

• Rival fractions in the church

• Escape of king and the queen on 20 June 1791


The Roots of War 1790-1791
• Border guards recognized them and brought them back to
Paris and were imprisoned

• Three fractions within the legislative assembly: Left, right, and


center

• Two further fractions within left: Girondins and Jacobins

• October 1791, assembly demanded from the


Habsburgs(Leopold2) to renounce every treaty that was
against liberty and prosperity of French people
• Properties of emigres were confiscated
The Roots of War 1791-1792
• The new emperor Francis II was militarist and declined

• 20 April 1792, the assembly declared war on Habsburgs

• Austria was joined by Savoy and Prussia

• The war was between the two irreconcilable orders

• Manifesto of Duke of Brunswick

• France threatened Europe that it would enforce its


revolutionary ideals on all Europe
The Jacobin Terror
• 20 September 1792, French armies routed the Prussian at Valmy

• Declaration of the Republic 22 September 1792

• Jacobins controlled the government


• Liberal Constitution of 1793 ( All freedoms, liberty, equality ,right
to assembly, and the enjoyment of all the rights of man)

• The king was executed on 21 January 1793 (voting in assembly)

• Maximillian Robespierre became the virtual dictator

• Committee of Public Safety


The Jacobin Terror
• He was an idealist who believed in absolute sovereignty of
people, liberty, equality, and fraternity of all men

• His dream of forming a “ republic of virtue”


• He was more visionary than revolutionary hero Lafayatte

• He presided over the “Cult of Supreme Being” in June 1794

• The worships include to hate treachery and tyranny, to punish


tyrant and traitors, to help the unfortunate, respect the weak,
and defend the oppressed
• Revolutionary tribunals killed 17000 people through guillotine
Guillotine
The Jacobin Terror
• The revolution was destroying its own children

• Levee en masse by the Committee in August 1793

• This changed the wars of future

• Revolutionary dictatorship undertook to control prices, wages


, distribution of supplies , education, assistance of the poor

• The strict control was on the pretext that enemy armies were
at The French soil
The Directory 1795-1799
• Thermidorian reaction against Robespierre

• He was executed on 28 July 1794

• Directory of 5 held power in 1795

• They all were unscrupulous aristocrats


• Relied on 800000 strong army

• Bebeuf Plot of 1796 to restore 1793 constitution

• Directory made peace with all except Britain and Austria


The Directory 1795-1799
• Two armies were sent against the Austrians

• Napoleon led the diversionary army against Savoy and won at


Mondovi
• He defeated the Austrians at Lodi and took Milan where he
was hailed as liberator
• The Austrians were forced to make peace at Laibach in 1797

• Austria accepted abandoned Belgium to France

• Recognized the new French republic in North Italy


• Napoleon offered Bavaria to Austria
Coming of Napoleon 1799
• The Directory lost all its power in 1797 elections

• Napoleon was defeated by Nelson in Egypt at Trfalgar

• He escaped and was back in France in 1799

• Sieyes and Ducos made Napoleon a third consul

• Plebiscite approved the consuls

• He was a corsican and was only 30 when became a general


Dictatorship in France
• From 1800-1803, Napoleon devoted his energies on internal
reorganization of France

• He appreciated talent ,” career open to all talents”

• Financial improvements in France , Bank of France 1800

• Napoleonic Code pf 1804

• Gave prominence to the Roman Law

• That’s why it was acceptable to other countries


Beginning of Empire
• Women were disadvantaged other this law

• 1801, He made Catholicism as the religion of the majority of


Frenchmen

• Focused on Scientific research and innovation

• 1804 He proclaimed himself as emperor

• He abolished the Holy Roman Empire and reduced the number


of German states to 39
Empire
• France became a leader in education

• Spared the pockets of French taxpayers by inflicting heavy


extractions on conquered territories

• Italy was turned into a colony

• Placed his brothers on thrones of Italy and Westphalia


Empire
• He destroyed the feudal system in West Europe

• French Revolution had thrown Europe into the melting pot,


Bonaparte stirred it

• Napoleon’s invasion of Portugal was repelled by Wellington


Continental System
• He blockaded British good coming into Europe

• Stopped every country from trading with Britain

• Britain turned to the overseas trade with its colonies

• Resentments against the system in Europe

• Smuggling was at its highest peak

• Russians declined to join the system


Grand Empire
Destruction of the Empire
• Renewal of war in Spain , Guerrilla warfare

• Campaign Moscow and Russian scorched Earth tactics

• Intransigent of British Navy

• Common cause of all Europeans

• Contradiction of Revolution

• Continental System
Destruction of the Empire
• His economic policy of protecting the French by Putting heavy
taxes on conquered territories

• Talleyrand and Fouche were contacting the coalition for their


own future career

• Role of Bernadotte in the 6th coalition

• Prussian victory at Jena 1813

• He was defeated in 1814 and was sent to Elbe


• Returned back and was again defeated at Waterloo after the
100 Days campaign

• Mistake of Napoleon and Hitler according to Thomson

• Too much history in too short time

• Jacobin constitution of 1793 and Spanish Constitution of 1812


became favorites of republicans

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