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Linux Essentials PPT-CH02_Final

Chapter 2 of 'Linux Essentials for Cybersecurity' covers fundamental command line operations including file management, command execution, and the use of shell features. Key commands such as ls, cp, mv, and grep are introduced, along with concepts like shell variables, piping, and regular expressions. Mastery of these commands is essential for navigating the Linux operating system and preparing for more advanced cybersecurity topics.

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8 views

Linux Essentials PPT-CH02_Final

Chapter 2 of 'Linux Essentials for Cybersecurity' covers fundamental command line operations including file management, command execution, and the use of shell features. Key commands such as ls, cp, mv, and grep are introduced, along with concepts like shell variables, piping, and regular expressions. Mastery of these commands is essential for navigating the Linux operating system and preparing for more advanced cybersecurity topics.

Uploaded by

Jayyif
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 33

Linux Essentials for

Cybersecurity

by William “Bo” Rothwell


and Denise Kinsey

Chapter 2: Working on the Command Line


Objectives

 Manage files and directories


 Use shell features such as shell variables
 Be able to re-execute previous commands
using the shell feature called history
 Identify regular expressions and know how to
use them with commands like find, grep, and
sed
 Manage file-compression utilities

© 2019 by Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 2 Working on the Command Line 2


File Management

 Every storage location is accessible under


the top-level directory (root)
 The root directory is symbolized by /

© 2019 by Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 2 Working on the Command Line 3


Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS)

© 2019 by Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 2 Working on the Command Line 4


Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (cont.)

© 2019 by Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 2 Working on the Command Line 5


Command Execution

 Type the command and press Enter


 An option is a predefined value that changes
the behavior of the command
 Options are a single character value that follows a
hyphen, such as –a or –z
 Some can be combined, as in –az
 Some newer commands accept word options,
such as --long; word options start with two
hyphens

© 2019 by Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 2 Working on the Command Line 6


Command Execution

 An argument is a parameter that appears


after the command
 Example: To use the cd command to change to
the bin directory: cd /bin
 To execute multiple commands on a single
line, separate them with semi-colons and
press Enter only after the last one
 Example: pwd ; date ; ls

© 2019 by Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 2 Working on the Command Line 7


Common Commands

 pwd
 Displays the current directory
 cd
 Changes to another directory
 Accepts a single argument, the desired directory
 Example: cd /etc
 file
 Reports the type of content in a file

© 2019 by Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 2 Working on the Command Line 8


The ls Command
 ls (lowercase L, not a capital I)
 Lists the files in a directory
 Default is the current directory; accepts an
argument of a different directory’s name

© 2019 by Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 2 Working on the Command Line 9


ls Command Output

© 2019 by Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 2 Working on the Command Line 10


File Globbing

 File glob (wildcard): Any character provided


on the command line that represents a
portion of the filename

© 2019 by Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 2 Working on the Command Line 11


More Common Commands

 less
 Displays large chunks of text data, pausing after
displaying the first page of information
 Keys on keyboard enable user to scroll through
the document
 Spacebar: one page forward
 b: one page back
 Enter or down arrow: down one line
 Up arrow: up one line
 q: return to the shell

© 2019 by Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 2 Working on the Command Line 12


More Common Commands
(cont.)
 head
 Displays the top part of text data
 By default the top ten lines are displayed
 tail
 Displays the bottom part of text data
 By default the bottom ten lines are displayed
 mkdir
 Creates (makes) a directory
 Argument of the new directory’s name

© 2019 by Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 2 Working on the Command Line 13


More Common Commands
(cont.)
 cp
 Copies files or directories
 Syntax: cp [options] file|directory destination
 where file|directory is what to copy and destination is
where it should be copied
 mv
 Moves or renames a file
 rm
 Removes (deletes) files and directories

© 2019 by Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 2 Working on the Command Line 14


More Common Commands
(cont.)
 rmdir
 Removes (deletes) empty directories
 Command will fail if not empty unless the –r option
is used
 touch
 Creates an empty file if it doesn’t exist already
 Updates the modification and access timestamps
if an existing file is specified

© 2019 by Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 2 Working on the Command Line 15


Shell Variables

 HOME
 ID
 LOGNAME
 OLDPWD
 PATH
 PS1
 PWD

© 2019 by Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 2 Working on the Command Line 16


echo Command

 Used to display information, such as the


value of a variable
 Can also print literal text strings
 Special character sequences:
 \a Ring terminal bell
 \n New line
 \t Tab
 \\ Single backslash

© 2019 by Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 2 Working on the Command Line 17


set Command

 Displays all shell variables and values when


no arguments are used
 Can also modify the behavior of the shell

 Unset command removes a variable


© 2019 by Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 2 Working on the Command Line 18
PS1 Variable

 Defines the primary prompt


 Uses special character sequences
 \u = current user’s name
 \W = current directory

© 2019 by Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 2 Working on the Command Line 19


PATH Variable

 Contains a comma-separated list of directory


locations
 Example:
/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin:/
home/student/.local/bin:/home/student/bin
 The path is searched in that order when a
command is called
 To execute a command that is not in the path,
you must use a fully qualified path name

© 2019 by Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 2 Working on the Command Line 20


Environment Variables

 To pass variables and their values to other


commands, convert an existing local variable
to an environment variable with export
 Example: export NAME
 If the variable doesn’t already exist, export
creates it directly as an environment variable
 The command export –p displays all
environment variables

© 2019 by Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 2 Working on the Command Line 21


The env Command

 Displays environment variables in the current


shell
 Local variables are not displayed
 Can also temporarily set a variable for the
execution of a command
 To unset a variable when executing a
command, use --unset=VAR where VAR is
the variable

© 2019 by Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 2 Working on the Command Line 22


Initialization Files

 Logging in starts a login shell


 When a user starts a new shell after login, it
is a non-login shell
 Which initialization files are executed
depends on whether the shell is a login shell
or a non-login shell

© 2019 by Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 2 Working on the Command Line 23


Alias

 A shell feature that allows multiple


commands to be executed by issuing a single
command
 Use alias command with no arguments to
display all aliases
 Use the unalias command to unset an alias

© 2019 by Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 2 Working on the Command Line 24


Command History

 Use history command to view command


history
 Limit the number of commands displayed
with an argument
 Example: history 5

© 2019 by Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 2 Working on the Command Line 25


Methods for Redirection
 Standard input: stdin or STDIN
 Standard output: stdout or STDOUT
 Standard error: stderr or STDERR

© 2019 by Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 2 Working on the Command Line 26


Piping and Subcommands

 Piping
 Routes the output of a command to another
command
 Uses the “pipe” symbol: |
 Example: ls –l /etc | grep “Apr 16”
 Subcommands
 To use one command’s output as an argument in
another command, place the command within the
$( ) characters
 Example: echo “Today is $(date)”
© 2019 by Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 2 Working on the Command Line 27
Regular Expressions (REs)

 A character or set of characters designed to


match other characters
 Examples:
 A dot (.) matches a single character of any type
 [a-z] matches any single lowercase character
 Basic and extended REs

© 2019 by Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 2 Working on the Command Line 28


Basic REs

© 2019 by Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 2 Working on the Command Line 29


Extended REs

© 2019 by Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 2 Working on the Command Line 30


Other Commands

 grep
 Searches files for lines that contain a specific
pattern
 Example: grep “the” /etc/rsyslog.conf
 sed
 Edits file data in a non-interactive method

© 2019 by Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 2 Working on the Command Line 31


Compression Commands

 tar
 Merges multiple files into a single file
 gzip
 Creates a compressed version of the file
 Use gunzip to decompress gzipped files
 bzip2
 Replaces the original file with the compressed file
 xz
 Compresses files

© 2019 by Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 2 Working on the Command Line 32


Summary

 This chapter focused on essential commands


that all Linux users should know
 These commands enable you to navigate the
Linux operating system, manipulate files and
directories, and perform advanced end-user
operations
 Master these commands before moving on to
more advanced security-related topics

© 2019 by Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 2 Working on the Command Line 33

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