PowerPoint® Lecture Slides

prepared by
Barbara Heard,
Human Anatomy & Physiology
Atlantic Cape Community
College Ninth Edition

CHAPTER 1
The Human
Body: An
Orientation:
Part B
© Annie Leibovitz/Contact Press Images © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Anatomical Position

• Standard anatomical body position

– Body erect
– Feet slightly apart
– Palms facing forward
• Thumbs point away from body
• Always use directional terms as if body is
in anatomical position
• Right and left refer to body being viewed,
not those of observer

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 Figure 1.7a Regional terms used to designate specific body areas.

Cephalic
Frontal
Orbital
Nasal
Oral Upper limb
Mental Acromial
Cervical Brachial (arm)
Thoracic Antecubital
Sternal
Axillary Antebrachial
(forearm)
Mammary
Carpal (wrist)

Abdominal
Umbilical
Manus (hand)
Pelvic Pollex
Inguinal
(groin) Palmar
Digital
Lower limb
Coxal (hip)
Pubic (genital) Femoral (thigh)
Patellar

Crural (leg)

Fibular or peroneal
Pedal (foot)
Thorax Tarsal (ankle)
Abdomen
Back (Dorsum) Metatarsal
Digital

Hallux

Anterior/Ventral

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 Table 1.1 Orientation and Directional Terms (1 of 3)

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 Table 1.1 Orientation and Directional Terms (2 of 3)

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 Table 1.1 Orientation and Directional Terms (3 of 3)

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 Regional Terms

• Two major divisions of body

– Axial
• Head, neck, and trunk
– Appendicular
• Limbs
• Regional terms designate specific areas
within body divisions

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 Figure 1.7a Regional terms used to designate specific body areas.

Cephalic
Frontal
Orbital
Nasal
Oral Upper limb
Mental Acromial
Cervical Brachial (arm)
Thoracic Antecubital
Sternal
Axillary Antebrachial
(forearm)
Mammary
Carpal (wrist)

Abdominal
Umbilical
Manus (hand)
Pelvic Pollex
Inguinal
(groin) Palmar
Digital
Lower limb
Coxal (hip)
Pubic (genital) Femoral (thigh)
Patellar

Crural (leg)

Fibular or peroneal
Pedal (foot)
Thorax Tarsal (ankle)
Abdomen
Back (Dorsum) Metatarsal
Digital

Hallux

Anterior/Ventral

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 Figure 1.7b Regional terms used to designate specific body areas.

Cephalic
Otic
Occipital (back
of head)
Upper limb
Acromial Cervical
Brachial (arm)

Olecranal
Antebrachial Back (dorsal)
Scapular
(forearm)
Vertebral

Lumbar
Manus (hand)
Sacral
Metacarpal
Gluteal
Digital
Perineal (between
Lower limb anus and external
genitalia)
Femoral (thigh)

Popliteal

Sural (calf)
Fibular or peroneal
Pedal (foot)

Calcaneal
Back (Dorsum)
Plantar

Posterior/Dorsal

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 Anatomical Variability

• Humans differ externally and internally

– 90% of all structures present in body match
description in textbook
– Nerve or blood vessel may be out of place
– Small muscle may be missing
• Extreme variations inconsistent with life

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 Body Planes and Sections

• Body plane
– Flat surface along which body or structure
may be cut for anatomical study
• Sections
– Cuts or sections made along a body plane

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 Body Planes

• Three most common

– Lie at right angles to each other
– Sagittal plane
– Frontal (coronal) plane
– Transverse (horizontal) plane

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 Sagittal Plane

• Sagittal plane
– Divides body vertically into right and left parts
– Produces a sagittal section if cut along this
plane
– Midsagittal (median) plane
• Lies on midline
– Parasagittal plane
• Not on midline

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 Body Planes

• Frontal (coronal) plane

– Divides body vertically into anterior and posterior
parts
– Produces a frontal or coronal section
• Transverse (horizontal) plane
– Divides body horizontally (90° to vertical plane)
into superior and inferior parts
– Produces a cross section
• Oblique section
– Result of cuts at angle other than 90° to vertical
plane
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 Figure 1.8 Planes of the body with corresponding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans.

Frontal plane

Median (midsagittal) plane

Transverse plane

Frontal section Transverse section Median section

(through torso, (midsagittal)
(through torso)
inferior view)
Pancreas
Aorta

Spleen
Arm

Left and Liver Heart Liver Spinal cord

Body wall Rectum Intestines
right lungs Stomach Subcutaneous fat layer Vertebral column
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 Body Cavities

• Two sets of internal body cavities

– Closed to environment
• Provide different degrees of protection to
organs
• Dorsal body cavity
• Ventral body cavity

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 Dorsal Body Cavity

• Protects nervous system

• Two subdivisions:
– Cranial cavity
• Encases brain
– Vertebral cavity
• Encases spinal cord

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 Figure 1.9 Dorsal and ventral body cavities and their subdivisions.

Cranial
Cranial cavity
cavity
(contains brain)

Vertebral
cavity

Superior
Dorsal Thoracic mediastinum
body cavity Pleural
cavity (contains cavity
heart and
Pericardial
lungs)
cavity within
the mediastinum
Vertebral cavity
Diaphragm Ventral body
(contains spinal
cavity
cord)
(thoracic and
Abdominal cavity
abdominopelvic
(contains digestive Abdomino- cavities)
viscera) pelvic cavity

Pelvic cavity
Dorsal body cavity (contains urinary
bladder, reproductive
Ventral body cavity organs, and rectum)

Lateral view Anterior view

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 Ventral Body Cavity

• Houses internal organs (viscera)

• Two subdivisions (separated by
diaphragm)
– Thoracic cavity
– Abdominopelvic cavity

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 Ventral Body Cavity

• Thoracic cavity subdivisions

– Two pleural cavities
• Each houses a lung
– Mediastinum
• Contains pericardial cavity
• Surrounds thoracic organs
– Pericardial cavity
• Encloses heart

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 Ventral Body Cavity

• Abdominopelvic cavity subdivisions

– Abdominal cavity
• Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver
– Pelvic cavity
• Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and
rectum

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 Figure 1.9 Dorsal and ventral body cavities and their subdivisions.

Cranial
Cranial cavity
cavity
(contains brain)

Vertebral
cavity

Superior
Dorsal Thoracic mediastinum
body cavity Pleural
cavity (contains cavity
heart and
Pericardial
lungs)
cavity within
the mediastinum
Vertebral cavity
Diaphragm Ventral body
(contains spinal
cavity
cord)
(thoracic and
Abdominal cavity
abdominopelvic
(contains digestive Abdomino- cavities)
viscera) pelvic cavity

Pelvic cavity
Dorsal body cavity (contains urinary
bladder, reproductive
Ventral body cavity organs, and rectum)

Lateral view Anterior view

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 Membranes in Ventral Body Cavity

• Serous membrane or serosa

– Thin, double-layered membranes
• Parietal serosa lines internal body cavity walls
• Visceral serosa covers internal organs (viscera)
– Layers separated by slit-like cavity filled with
serous fluid
• Fluid secreted by both layers of membrane

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 Serous Membranes

• Named for specific cavity and organs with

which associated
• Each has parietal and visceral layers
• Pericardium
– Heart
• Pleurae
– Lungs
• Peritoneum
– Abdominopelvic cavity
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 Figure 1.10 Serous membrane relationships.
Outer balloon wall
(comparable to parietal serosa)

Air (comparable to serous cavity)

Inner balloon wall

(comparable to visceral serosa)
A fist thrust into a flaccid balloon demonstrates
the relationship between the parietal and visceral
serous membrane layers.

Heart

Parietal
pericardium

Pericardial
space with
serous fluid

Visceral
pericardium

The serosae associated with the heart.

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 Abdominopelvic Quadrants

• Divisions used primarily by medical

personnel

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 Figure 1.11 The four abdominopelvic quadrants.

Right upper Left upper

quadrant quadrant
(RUQ) (LUQ)

Right lower Left lower

quadrant quadrant
(RLQ) (LLQ)

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 Abdominopelvic Regions

• Nine divisions used primarily by

anatomists

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 Figure 1.12 The nine abdominopelvic regions.

Liver Diaphragm
Right Left
Epigastric Spleen
hypochondriac hypochondriac
region Gallbladder Stomach
region region

Ascending colon of Transverse colon

Right Left large intestine of large intestine
Umbilical
lumbar lumbar
region Small intestine Descending colon
region region
of large intestine
Cecum
Right iliac Hypogastric Left iliac Initial part of
(inguinal) (public) (inguinal) Appendix
sigmoid colon
region region region Urinary bladder

Nine regions delineated by four planes Anterior view of the nine regions showing the superficial organs

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 Other Body Cavities

• Exposed to environment
– Oral and digestive cavities
– Nasal cavity
– Orbital cavities
– Middle ear cavities
• Not exposed to environment
– Synovial cavities

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