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Electron Configuration Ppt Module 1

The document discusses electron configurations, detailing how electrons are arranged around a nucleus based on quantum numbers and energy levels. It explains the order of filling orbitals according to the Aufbau principle, special cases for ions, and exceptions in configurations, particularly for transition metals. Additionally, it highlights the relationship between electron configurations and the periodic table, showing how similar configurations correspond to similar elemental properties.

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14 views20 pages

Electron Configuration Ppt Module 1

The document discusses electron configurations, detailing how electrons are arranged around a nucleus based on quantum numbers and energy levels. It explains the order of filling orbitals according to the Aufbau principle, special cases for ions, and exceptions in configurations, particularly for transition metals. Additionally, it highlights the relationship between electron configurations and the periodic table, showing how similar configurations correspond to similar elemental properties.

Uploaded by

alicia.lubat
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ELECTRON

CONFIGURATIO
N
Electron Configurations

• The content that follows is the substance of


General Chemistry. In this lecture we continue the
discussion of Quantum Numbers and their use in
Electron Configurations as well as the relationship
of electron configuration to the periodic properties
of the elements.
• Electron Configuration
• Electron configurations are the summary of where the
electrons are around a nucleus. As we learned earlier,
each neutral atom has a number of electrons equal to
its number of protons. What we will do now is place
those electrons into an arrangement around the
nucleus that indicates their energy and the shape of
the orbital in which they are located. Here is a
summary of the types of orbitals and how many
electrons each can contain:
• So based on what we know about the quantum numbers and
using the chart above, you need 2 electrons to fill an s orbital, 6
electrons to fill a p orbital, 10 electrons to fill a d orbital and 14
electrons to fill the f orbital. BUT what we haven't discussed is
how these orbitals get filled...the order of fill.
• Order of Fill
• The order in which electrons are placed into the orbitals is based
on the order of their energy. This is referred to as the Aufbau
principle. The lowest energy orbitals fill first. Just like the quantum
numbers themselves this order was determined by calculation
and is summarized by the following chart:
S= Sharp P= Principal D= Diffuse F=
Fundamental S, p, d, f are the names of
subshells within a shell whose values are
determined by azimuthal quantum number. Their
respective azimuthal quantum numbers are 0, 1, 2
and 3. These terminologies are adopted from
Spectroscopic analysis of matters.
or you can just use the periodic table:
How to Write an Electron Configuration
The symbols used for writing the electron configuration start with
the shell number (n) followed by the type of orbital and finally the
superscript indicates how many electrons are in the orbital.
For example:
Looking at the periodic table, you can see that Oxygen has 8
electrons. Based on the order of fill above, these 8 electrons would
fill in the following order 1s, 2s and then 2p. So Oxygen's electron
configuration would be O 1s22s22p4.
Special Cases
Configurations of ions present a special case of electron
configuration and also demonstrate the reason for the formation of
those ions in the first place.
If you need to write the full electron configuration for an anion,
then you are just adding additional electrons and the configuration is
simply continued.
For example, we know that Oxygen always forms 2- ions when it
makes an ion. This would add 2 electrons to its normal
configuration making the new configuration: O 2- 1s22s22p6. With 10
electrons you should note that oxygen's electron configuration is
now exactly the same as Neon's. We talked about the fact that ions
form because they can become more stable with the gain or loss of
electrons to become like the noble gases and now you can actually
see how they become the same.
The electron configurations for Cations are also made based on
the number of electrons but there is a slight difference in the way
they are configured. First you should write their normal electron
configuration and then when you remove electrons you have to
take them from the outermost shell. Note that this is not always the
same way they were added.
Here is an example of what I mean:
Iron has 26 electrons so its normal electron configuration would be:
Fe 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d6
When we make a 3+ ion for Iron, we need to take the electrons
from the outermost shell first so that would be the 4s shell NOT the
3d shell: Fe3+ 1s22s22p63s23p63d5
One other note on writing electron configurations: A short cut.
When writing some of the lower table configurations the total
configuration can be fairly long. In these cases, you can use the
previous noble gas to abbreviate the configuration as shown below.
You just have to finish the configuration from where the noble gas
leaves it:
Exceptions
As with every other topic we have covered to date there are
exceptions to the order of fill as well. But based on the electron
configurations that are generated, these exceptions are easy to
understand.
In the d block, specifically the groups containing Chromium and
Copper, there is an exception in how they are filled.
Here are the actual configurations:
In these columns, the 4s and 3d
Orbital Diagrams
Another way to represent the order of fill for an atom is by using
an orbital diagram often referred to as "the little boxes":
Periodic Properties
One of the really cool things about electron configurations is their
relationship to the periodic table. Basically the periodic table was
constructed so that elements with similar electron configurations
would be aligned into the same groups (columns).
Periodic Table showing last orbital filled for each element
The periodic table shown above demonstrates how the
configuration of each element was aligned so that the last
orbital filled is the same except for the shell. The reason this
was done is that the configuration of an element gives the
element its properties and similar configurations yield similar
properties.

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