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RTP 111 - Principles of DR

The document provides an overview of computed and digital radiography, detailing the principles of direct and indirect digital radiography. It explains the mechanisms of image capture using active matrix arrays and the differences between direct capture (using amorphous selenium) and indirect capture (using scintillators like cesium iodide and gadolinium oxysulfide). Additionally, it covers the processes involved in converting x-ray signals into electrical signals for image processing.

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carlosromasanta
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7 views23 pages

RTP 111 - Principles of DR

The document provides an overview of computed and digital radiography, detailing the principles of direct and indirect digital radiography. It explains the mechanisms of image capture using active matrix arrays and the differences between direct capture (using amorphous selenium) and indirect capture (using scintillators like cesium iodide and gadolinium oxysulfide). Additionally, it covers the processes involved in converting x-ray signals into electrical signals for image processing.

Uploaded by

carlosromasanta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 23

COMPUTED AND

DIGITAL
RADIOGRAPHY
Carlos F. Romasanta Jr, RRT, MMHoA.
PRINCIPLES OF
DIRECT AND INDIRECT
DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY
DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY
o Also called cassette-less systems use an x-ray absorber material coupled to a flat
panel detector or a charged coupled device (CCD) to form the image.

o DR can be divided into two categories: indirect capture and direct capture.

 Indirect capture digital radiography devices absorb x-rays and convert them
into light. The light is then detected by an area-CCD or thin-film transistor
(TFT) array and then converted into an electrical signal that is sent to the
computer for processing or viewing.

 Direct capture devices convert the incident x-ray energy directly into an
electrical signal, typically using a photoconductor as the x-ray absorber, and
send the electrical signal to the computer for processing and viewing
IMAGE EXTRACTION

Active Matrix Array


▸ The main image-capture component of all DR
detectors is the active matrix array (AMA)
▸ a flat panel consisting of thousands of individual
electronic detector elements, usually referred to as
dexels or dels.
▸ The typical size of a single dexel is about 100
microns square.
DIRECT DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY

• No scintillation detectors involve in the process.

• Like Indirect Digital Radiography, it also uses Thin Film Transistor technology.

• Use amorphous selenium a-Se, this material absorbs x-rays and converts them to
electrons, which are stored in the TFT detectors.

• The use of amorphous selenium as an image receptor capture element eliminates


the need for a scintillation phosphor.
DIRECT CONVERSION
THIN FILM TRANSISTOR (TFT)
• The dexel has two
charged electrode plates,
The top electrode is given
a positive charge, and
the dexel electrode at the
bottom is charged
negatively.

• X-rays incident on the a-Se


create electron-hole pairs
through direct ionization of
selenium.

• Positive charge
accumulates and moves
to the capacitor to be
stored (electrons are
pulled out of the
capacitor, leaving it
7
DIRECT CONVERSION
THIN FILM TRANSISTOR (TFT)
▸ To “read out” the information on an exposed
DR detector, the bias voltage in the gate line
is changed from –5 to +10 volts. TFT switch
in each dexel is turning on opening the “gate”
▸ The change in the bias voltage of a gate line
causes the TFTs to open up sequentially,
dumping the stored up charge from each
dexel into a data line in succession.

▸ Gate line - are connected to an Address driver


which keeps track of the location of each dexel
in each row. It has a slight electrical current
passing through it with a very low bias voltage
100-200
of –5 volts.
microns
▸ Data line - is connected to an amplifier that
boosts the signal, then sends it through an
analog-to-digital converter (ADC) into the
computer.

8
FILL FACTOR

80%
DIRECT

Thin-Film-
Transistor Array
IMAGE RECEPTOR: INDIRECT DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY
INDIRECT CONVERSION DIGITAL
RADIOGRAPY
• Devices absorb x-rays and convert them into light. The light is then detected by an
area-CCD or thin-film transistor (TFT) array and then converted into an electrical
signal that is sent to the computer for processing or viewing.
• indirect conversion is a two-step process: x-ray photons are converted to light, and
then the light photons are converted to an electrical signal.
INDIRECT DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY
SCINTILLATOR:
• Cesium Iodide (CSI) - This allows greater detection of x-rays, because
there is almost no light spread, there is much greater resolution.
• Gadolinium Oxysulfide (GDOS) - It gives greater light spread so that a
thinner layer is used.
COUPLING ELEMENT:
• Transfers the x-ray–generated signal to the collection element.
• Fiberoptics – CCD/CMOS
• Contact Layer - Amorphous Silicon (a-Si), used in Thin Film Transistor
(TFT)
• a-Si photodiode array – is a type of photodiode that converts
light to an electrical signal.
COLLECTION ELEMENT:
• Charged Couple Device (CCD)
• Thin Film Transistor (TFT)
INDIRECT DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY
SCINTILLATORS

CESIUM IODIDE GADOLINIUM OXYSULFIDE


GADOLINIUM OXYSULFIDE VS CESIUM IODIDE
INDIRECT CONVERSION
THIN FILM TRANSISTOR (TFT)
▸ Beneath the phosphor layer, we find
precisely the same active matrix array as
that used for direct-conversion systems,
except that the sensitive detection layer for
each of the dexels is made of a-Si.
▸ Light exposure creates electron/hole pairs.
The positively charged holes drift directly
downward to the dexel electrode and are
conducted to the capacitor for storage.
▸ The more electrical charge is built up on
the capacitor, the darker this pixel will be
displayed in the final image.
▸ Dexel charges are “read out” by an array of
data lines that pass the sequential “bursts”
of electric charge from all the dexels
through an ADC to the computer.
16
INDIRECT – TFT ARRAY
Thin-Film-
Transistor Array
INDIRECT DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY
COLLECTION ELEMENT

CHARGE COUPLE DEVICE (CCD)


• The oldest indirect-conversion DR system is based on charge-coupled
devices (CCDs).
• X-ray photons interact with a scintillation material, such as scintillation
phosphors, and this signal is coupled, or linked, by lenses or fiberoptics
that act like cameras.
• These cameras reduce the size of the projected visible light image and
transfer the image to one or more small (2 to 4 cm2 ) CCDs that convert the
light into an electrical charge.
• This charge is stored in a sequential pattern and released line by line and
sent to an analog to digital converter.
CCD
INDIRECT CONVERSION
CCD

Direct and Indirect conversion

20
INDIRECT - CCD
DIGITIZING BY ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL
CONVERTER
STEPS IN ADC

ADC is used to
bridge analog and di SCANNING SAMPLING QUANTIZATION
gital circuitry.

The field of the image is Detection and measurement


divided into a matrix of of the intensity of signal
small cells. coming into the system at Once signal is sampled, the amplitude of
each pixel location that signal is given a discrete value.

22
END

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