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002-Flow-Chart-and-Algorithm

The document discusses algorithms and flowcharts, emphasizing their importance in business logic and problem-solving. It defines algorithms as a set of rules for solving problems and highlights their applications in various business contexts, such as improving efficiency and profitability. Flowcharts are introduced as a visual tool for documenting processes, with guidelines and symbols for effective representation.

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9 views

002-Flow-Chart-and-Algorithm

The document discusses algorithms and flowcharts, emphasizing their importance in business logic and problem-solving. It defines algorithms as a set of rules for solving problems and highlights their applications in various business contexts, such as improving efficiency and profitability. Flowcharts are introduced as a visual tool for documenting processes, with guidelines and symbols for effective representation.

Uploaded by

christinejeashid11
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© © All Rights Reserved
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You are on page 1/ 39

Algorithms and

Flowcharts
Enrico L. Nacua
Faculty, Information Technology Department
College of Information Sciences and Computing
Understanding Algorithm
• Within the context of business logic, the set of rules or statements on
how the application implements the business rules, and how the
application should behave between the user and database must be
well define.
• Algorithm must be build to describe the execution of the business
logic.
What is Algorithm?
• A set of well-defined rules or procedures for solving a problem in a
finite number of steps, or providing an output from a specific set of
inputs. Usually implemented as a computer program.
• A finite set of well-defined rules for the solution of a problem in a
finite number of steps.
• instructions for how to solve a problem. [4]
Understanding Algorithm
• To make a computer do anything, you have to write a computer
program. To write a computer program, you have to tell the computer,
step by step, exactly what you want it to do. The computer then
"executes" the program, following each step sequentially, to
accomplish the end goal. [5]
• When you are telling the computer what to do, you also get to choose
how it's going to do it. That's where computer algorithms come in.
The algorithm is the basic technique used to get the job done
Understanding Algorithm
• Algorithm is very easy to understand but building an algorithm for a
given problem is another thing.
Understanding Algorithm
• Three (3) things to consider in creating an algorithm.
• Input, Process, Output

Input Process Output

Data Information

Data – facts and figures (numerical representation of an entity)


Information – a processed data.

• Each algorithm should have these 3 elements.


• Algorithm should be detailed enough.
Understanding Algorithm
• Condition and Loops may be required in the process.
• Best algorithm considerations
• less time to execute.
• less resources.
Algorithm: Real World Example
• Recipe.
• Procedures (Enrolment, Registration, Clearance, etc.)
• Route (Courier, Mailman, Taxi, etc.)
• Operating Manual.
• Searching
• Sorting
• File Compression
Exercise: Write down the algorithms
for the following problems
• Converting Kilo to Pound
• Determining if an inputted score is passing or not given the total
number of items and the passing percentage.
• Getting the maximum out of 3 inputted numbers.
Understanding Algorithms in
Business
• Algorithms have been at the heart of most successful corporate
empires in the world [1]
• Coca-Cola boasts of its “secret recipe” – its own version of an
algorithm.
Understanding Algorithms in
Business
• Given that the 55,000 trucks in UPS’ American fleet make 16 million
deliveries daily, the potential for inefficient routing is enormous. By
applying telematics and algorithms, UPS saves its drivers 85 million
miles a year, resulting in annual savings of $2.55 billion.
Understanding Algorithms in
Business
• Google is another organization that has
mastered data and algorithms.
• In 2002, their search algorithm earned
them half a billion dollars a year. That’s
already good money by any standard,
but their investments into algorithms
are really paying off now.
• The latest version of their search
algorithm now makes half a billion
dollars in just three days. In other
words, they’re now collecting the same
amount of revenue in less than one
percent of the time it used to take [2]
Understanding Algorithms in
Business
• Failure to implement algorithms in your organization is likely to see
you lose a competitive advantage to your rivals.
• Example: Nokia
• “We didn’t do anything wrong but somehow, we lost” [3]
• Inferiority of the Symbian Operating System.
• Arrogance among top-level managers.
• Lack of vision.
Algorithm Application in Business:
Customer Interaction
• Data leverage by data science and data mining.
• What does the vast amount data collected by businesses actually
mean?
• Algorithms can be used to make business processes clear, more
unique, and ensure right solutions for customers based on what they
want.
• Example: Amazon suggestions based on algorithm driven from
customer behavior.
Algorithm Application in Business:
Slim-line a workforce
• Automation
• One of the biggest expenses in most organization is human resource.
• Reduced with algorithms able to take on many tasks typically assigned
to workers.
• The idea is that companies can become smaller (human resource) and
more profitable.
Algorithm Application in Business:
Real-time accuracy
• Recognizing patterns and trends to react and adjust is vital for a
business’s success.
• Critical for stock market, foreign exchange, crypto-currency, etc.
Algorithm Application in Business:
Processing Data
• Algorithm play role in almost every fast and efficient data process.
• Example: Telematics (method of monitoring and harvesting data from
any moving asset)
• Google Maps and the like.
Assignment
• Select a legitimate business national or international.
• Identify vital algorithms that are being maximized towards
profitability.
• Discuss how the algorithms works and how is it distinct from
its competitors.
• Class presentation may be required.
What is a Flowchart?
• A flowchart is a graphical representation that illustrates the
sequence of operations of how a data or a transactional
process works [6].
• The flowchart is a means of visually presenting the flow of
data through a data processing operation.
Understanding Flowchart
• Flowcharts play a vital role in the programming of a problem
and are quite helpful in understanding the logic of
complicated and lengthy problems.
• Low-level implementation of flowchart
Understanding Flowchart
• In business, it is a method of visually documenting the stages
involved in performing a certain business procedure called a
process flow.
• High-level implementation of flowchart.
Understanding Flowchart

BENEFITS LIMITATIONS
• Communication: Flowcharts are better way • Complex logic: Sometimes, the
of communicating the logic of a program to program logic is quite complicated.
all concerned. In that case, flowchart becomes
• Effective analysis: With the help of
complex and clumsy.
flowchart, problem can be analyzed in more • Modifications: If modifications are
effective way. required the flowchart may require
re-drawing completely.
• Proper documentation: Program flowcharts
serve as a good program documentation, • Reproduction: As the flowchart
which is needed for various purposes. symbols cannot be typed,
reproduction of flowchart becomes a
• Proper Debugging: The flowchart helps in problem.
debugging process.
Flowchart Symbols
• Microsoft Office Insert Shapes
Flowchart Symbols
Terminator
• Terminators show the start and
stop points in a process. When
used as a Start symbol,
terminators depict a trigger
action that sets the process
flow into motion [3].
• Used with the terms “Start”
and “End”.
Flowchart Symbols
Data
• Input or Output operation.
• Specify if its an “Input” or
“Output”.
Flowchart Symbols
Process
• Show a Process or action step.
This is the most common
symbol in both process
flowcharts and process maps
[3].
Flowchart Symbols
Decision
• Indicates a question or branch
in the process flow. Typically, a
Decision flowchart shape is
used when there are 2 options.
• Making decisions and
branching. Its a two-way
decision process [3].
Flowchart Symbols
Flow Line
• Flow line connectors show the
direction that the process flows
[3].
Flowchart Symbols
Connector
• This symbol is typically small
and is used as a Connector to
show a jump from one point in
the process flow to another.
Connectors are usually labeled
with capital letters (A, B, C,..) to
show matching jump points.
They are handy for avoiding
flow lines that cross other
shapes and flow lines [3].
Guidelines in Flowcharting
• The usual direction of the flow of a procedure or system is from left to
right or top to bottom.
Guidelines in Flowcharting
• Only one flow line should come out from a process symbol.
Guidelines in Flowcharting
• Only one flow line should enter a decision symbol, but only two flow
lines should leave the decision symbol.
Guidelines in Flowcharting
• Only one flow line is used in conjunction with terminal symbol.
Guidelines in Flowcharting
• If the flowchart becomes
complex, it is better to use
connector symbols to reduce
the number of flow lines.
Avoid the intersection of
flow lines if you want to
make it more effective and
better way of
communication.
Examples of Flowchart
• Low-level implementation of flowchart
Start

Computing for the Voltage given the Input I


Current and Resistance
Input R
1.) Input I as Current value.
2.) Input R as Resistance value..
3.) Let V be equal to the product of I & R. V=I*R
4.) Output the value of V as the Voltage.

Output V

Stop
Examples of Flowchart
• Low-level implementation of flowchart

Start

Conversion from Kilo to Pounds. Input K


1.) Input a Kilo value store to K.
2.) Let Pound be equal to K * 2.2. Pound = K * 2.2
3.) Output Pound value.

Output Pound

Stop
Examples of Flowchart
Start
• Low-level implementation of flowchart
Input A

Determining whether a Val = A modulus 2


number is ODD or EVEN.

1.) Input a number call it A. If


T F
2.) Divide A by 2 Val <> 0
3.) If the remainder is none zero,
then
output “the number is
odd”, Output “Odd” Output “Even”
otherwise
output “the number is
even”.
Stop
Examples of Flowchart
• High-level implementation of flowchart.
References:
1. https://www.arrkgroup.com/thought-leadership/guide-to-algorithmi
c-business-an-introduction/
2. https://blog.growthinstitute.com/exo/algorithms
3. https://medium.com/multiplier-magazine/why-did-nokia-fail-81110
d981787
4. https://slate.com/technology/2016/02/how-to-teach-yourself-about
-algorithms.html
5. https://computer.howstuffworks.com/what-is-a-computer-algorithm
.htm
6. https://www.edrawsoft.com/Flowchart-Definition.php

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