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Control of Respiration

The document discusses the regulation of respiration, focusing on neural and chemical control mechanisms. It outlines the roles of various respiratory centers in the brain, including the medulla and pons, and describes how they coordinate involuntary and voluntary breathing. Additionally, it explains the function of chemoreceptors in detecting chemical changes in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid, which influence respiratory rates.

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11 views

Control of Respiration

The document discusses the regulation of respiration, focusing on neural and chemical control mechanisms. It outlines the roles of various respiratory centers in the brain, including the medulla and pons, and describes how they coordinate involuntary and voluntary breathing. Additionally, it explains the function of chemoreceptors in detecting chemical changes in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid, which influence respiratory rates.

Uploaded by

ssekittosudais
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Kampala International University

Regulation of respiration
By

Dr. Sahla Mohammed Ahmed


Department of physiology
Learning outcome

By the end of this lecture, you are expected to:-

Describe neural control of respiration.

Describe chemical control of respiration.


CONTROL OF RESPIRATION
Can be studied as: Neural control and Chemical control -

Neural Control
:Two types -
Involuntary control -
By the respiratory center -
Voluntary control -
By the cerebral cortex -
The respiratory center
.Collection of neurons in the medulla & pons in the brainstem
The brainstem is a tube-like structure, the medulla is the lowest
.part of the brainstem, while the pons is the middle part
Medulla oblongata regulates breathing, heartbeat, blood-
pressure, and swallowing
Contains the cardiac, 2 respiratory groups, and vasomotor-
centers
Pons coordinates face and eye movements, facial sensations,
hearing, and balance, contains the pontine nuclei and 2
.respiratory groups
The respiratory center is responsible for generating and
maintaining the rhythm of respiration (A typical respiratory
cycle, lasts for around 4-5 seconds for an average adult at rest,
with a normal respiratory rate of 12-20 breaths per
.minute; meaning each cycle takes roughly 5 seconds to complete
Also, adjusting this in homeostatic response to physiological -
changes

:Arranged into 4 groups -


Dorsal group -1
Ventral group -2
Apneustic center -3
Pneumotaxic center- 4
The dorsal group
Found at the dorsal aspect of the medulla -the nucleus -
.tractus solitarius (NTS)
.It contains inspiratory neurons (it is responsible for inspiration)
The inspiratory neurons send excitatory impulses via the
intercostals and phrenic nerves to external intercostals muscles
and the diaphragm
:Function
Controls the timing of the respiratory cycle-1
Integrates information from chemoreceptors and-2
mechanoreceptors related to breathing
Receives sensory information from the glossopharyngeal and-3
vagus nerves, including pH, arterial partial pressures of O and
CO, and systemic arterial blood pressure
The ventral group
.Found in the ventral aspect of the medulla -
.Contains expiratory neurons + some inspiratory neurons -
.Inactive at rest (that’s why expiration occurs passively)

:Function •
Responsible for forced expiration
The Apneustic center
.Found in the lower part of the pons -
:Function
Stimulates neurons in the medulla oblongata to facilitate
inspiration
.Controls the depth of breathing, especially during deep

:Relationship to other centers


Inhibits by the pneumotaxic center-
Inhibited by pulmonary stretch receptors-
.

The Pneumotaxic center


.Found in the upper part of the pons -
it transmits inhibitory signals to inspiratory group ,limit
inspiration
:Function
Controls breathing rate and prevents over-inflation
of the lungs
The pneumotaxic center receives information from
. .stretch receptors in the lungs
The pneumotaxic center inhibits the apneustic
.center
The pneumotaxic center shortens the respiratory
.cycle, which increases breathing rate
The respiratory center
Functions of the different groups of the respiratory center are -
studied in animals by performing sections at various levels in
.the brain stem

Section 1 -below the medulla


Results in death if the lesion is above C4. That’s because the -
descending impulses from the respiratory center fail to reach
.the phrenic nerve which supplies the diaphragm

.Section 2 -between medulla & pons


Results in gasping (shallow) respiration. That’s because the -
.apneustic center fails to increase depth of inspiration
.Section 3 -mid pontine section, + cutting the vagal supply
.o Results in apneustic breathing (deep inspiration)
That’s because the pneumotaxic center fails to inhibit the
.apneustic center

.Section 4 -Above pons


o No effect on involuntary respiration; however, it impairs the
voluntary control of respiration
Sections below and above the respiratory center
Factors affecting the respiratory center
:The respiratory center is affected by impulses coming from -
Higher centers -1
Cerebral cortex -
Hypothalamus -
Limbic system -
Other brain stem centers -

Baroreceptors -2
Chemoreceptors -3
Lung stretch receptors-4
Proprioceptors -5
.Other receptors-6
Higher centers
:The cerebral cortex -
o For voluntary modification of respiration
o E.g. voluntary hyperventilation or voluntary apnea

:The hypothalamus (temperature center) -


o Stimulates heat loss by increasing respiration

:The limbic system -


o Emotions may affect respiration (e.g. fear)
:Other brain stem centers
o Stimulation or inhibition of the vasomotor centers in the
medulla, results in stimulation or inhibition of the respiratory
.center

That’s why hyperventilation is associated with tachycardia and


.hypoventilation is associated with bradycardia
The Baroreceptors
Stretch receptors found in the aortic & the carotid sinuses; -
connected to vasomotor centers in the medulla by the cranial
nerves 9 & 10; send inhibitory impulses to these centers when
.stimulated by stretch caused by high blood pressure
The inhibitory impulses decrease the sympathetic discharge -
from these centers to the heart & blood vessels. This lowers
:the blood pressure by

o Decreasing the heart rate


o Decreasing contractility
o Vasodilatation
The inhibitory impulses also inhibit the respiratory center. For
this reason, hypertension is associated with hypoventilation &
.hypotension is associated with hyperventilation

The Proprioceptors
.Found in the joints, ligaments & tendons of muscles -
.Stimulated by movement -
Send impulses directly to the respiratory center to increase -
.respiration
The Lung stretch receptors
.Stretch receptors -
.Found in the smooth muscles of bronchioles -
.Stimulated by stretch during inflation of the lung -
Send inhibitory impulses through the vagi to stop further
.inspiration

.This protective reflex is called Hering Breuer inflation reflex


.It is not active in humans (except with very high tidal volume) -
Other receptors
:receptors )I(
o Found in upper respiratory tract
o Stimulated by irritants (dust, smoke, ...)
...o Mediate coughing reflex, sneezing reflex

:receptors )J(
o Found in juxtaposition to pulmonary capillaries
o Stimulated when the capillaries become distended with blood
Chemical Control
By chemoreceptors that detect chemical changes in blood or -
CSF

:There are two types of chemoreceptors -


o Peripheral chemoreceptors
o Central chemoreceptors
The peripheral chemoreceptors
Special receptors found in: Aortic bodies and Carotid -
bodies
Aortic bodies are found in aortic arch and carotid -
.bodies are found in carotid bifurcation
:They are stimulated by -
Hypoxia -
Hypercapnia-
Acidosis -

They send excitatory impulses through the cranial -


nerves 9 & 10 to stimulate the respiratory center in the
.medulla
.This results in hyperventilation to correct the stimulus -
The blood supply per gram tissue to these structures is very -
high, e.g. the carotid bodies receive 2000 ml/100 gram
tissue .That’s why they can detect minor changes in the chemical
.composition of the blood

The central chemoreceptors


Found on the anterolateral surface of the medulla; in contact -
.with the CSF
The central chemoreceptors
:The central chemoreceptors are stimulated by

o High carbon dioxide (in blood and therefore in CSF)


o High hydrogen ions (in the CSF not that in blood)
Hydrogen ions in the blood cannot cross the blood brain barrier
.“BBB” easily
Hydrogen ions in the CSF are formed from carbon dioxide as
follows: Carbon dioxide crosses the BBB & reacts with water in
the CSF to produce carbonic acid & then dissociates into
bicarbonate & hydrogen ions. Then hydrogen ions in the CSF
.stimulate the central chemoreceptors

In other words, carbon dioxide stimulates the central -


.chemoreceptors directly (by CO2 itself) and indirectly (by H+)
Thank you

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