Unit - 4

Hard Disk & I/O Devices

 Hard disk and it’s interfacing
• Introduction to hard disk drives (HDDs) – magnetic disk based storage,
read/write heads, platters, sectors, cylinders etc.
• HDD characteristics – capacity, access time, latency, seek time, rotational
speed (RPM – revolution per minute), factors affecting performance.
• HDD interfaces:
o IDE/ATA – Integrated Drive Electronics, original interface for HDDs.
PATA parallel cables.
o SATA – Serial ATA, serial interface that replaced PATA. SATA revisions
with increasing speeds.
o SCSI – Small Computer System Interface, interface used for servers and
high performance drives.
o Solid state drives (SSDs) – flash memory based drives, much faster access.
 Hard Disk Interfaces
• The hard disk interface is the connecting part between the hard disk
and the host computer system, and its function is to transmit data
between the hard disk cache and the host memory.

 Various Types of HDD Interface

 SCSI – Small Computer System Interface
 IDE/ATA – Integrated Drive Electronics / ATA
 EIDE – Enhanced or Extended IDE
• SATA – Serial Advanced Technology Attachment
• USB – Universal Serial Bus
• IEEE 1394 (Firewire)
 Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI)
• A Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) is a standard interface for
connecting peripheral devices to a PC. Depending on the standard,
generally it can connect up to 16 peripheral devices using a single bus
including one host adapter.
• SCSI interfaces provide for data transmission rates (up to 80 megabytes
per second). In addition, you can attach multiple devices to a single SCSI
port, so that SCSI is really an I/O bus rather than simply an interface.
• SCSI is used to increase performance, deliver faster data transfer
transmission and provide larger expansion for device such as disk drives,
tape drives, CD-ROM drives, printers and scanners.
 Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE/ATA)
• The IDE/ATA interface is the most popular hard disk interface used for PC
systems. IDE drive can be directly connected to the I/O bus slot on the
motherboard.
• IDE is an electronic interface standard that defines the connection between a
bus on a computer’s motherboard and the computer’s disk storage.
• Using 40 pin wire cable the IDE drive is connect to the bus adapter on
motherboard.
• If motherboard has IDE connector one can directly connected to the IDE drive
with this connector using 40 pin wire cable.
 Enhanced or Extended Integrated Drive Electronics (EIDE)

• Enhance or Extended IDE was introduced by the western Digit. This interface allows
the BIOS to supports up to 8 GB large hard disk drives.
• Parallel ATA (PATA) drives are one of the hard drive types. They are also known as
integrated drive electronics (IDE) or enhanced integrated drive electronics (EIDE)
drives. It is the first hard drive connected to a computer using the PATA interface
standard.
• EIDE added some enhancements to IDE
 Higher capacities
 Supports very high speed for data transfer
 Support for non-hard drive devices like CD-ROMs.
 SATA ( Serial Advanced Technology Attachment)
• SATA, serial ATA is an evolution of the Parallel ATA physical storage interface.
Serial ATA is a serial link – a single cable with a minimum of four wires creates
a point – to – point connection between devices.
• Transfer rates for Serial ATA begin at 150MB/s, Parallel ATA data transfer
speed 133MB/s.
• SATA drives are usually one of two sizes: 3.5 inch hard drives for desktop
computers and 2.7 inch small hard drives for laptop computers.
• SATA uses a four-wire shielded cable up to one meter(40 inch) in length
compared to the wide, flat, 18” PATA cables.
 USB - Universal Serial Bus
• USB hard drives are becoming popular as most computers now have
ports and USB connections in them.
• Other advantages of external hard drives is that the computers and
laptops have a chance of losing data all the time and also theft is
very common as far as laptop is concerned.
 IEEE 1394 (Firewire)
• Firewire port or IEEE 1394 was first developed in 1990 by Apple and worked
as a serial bus interface for high speed data transfer.
• 1394 supports peer-to-peer connection and point-to-multipoint communication
allowing 64 devices to be connected on the bus in a tree topology.
• Transfer large amount of data at very fast speed. Data travels at 400 to 800
megabits per second.
• Three variants: 4-pin FireWire 400 connector,
Alpha connector
6-pin FireWire 400 connector,

9-pin FireWire 800 connector.

Beta connector
 Solid – State Drive (SSD)
• A solid-state drive (SSD) is a data storage device that uses solid-
state memory to store persistent data.
• A solid-state drive (SSD) (also known as a solid-state disk or
electronic disk, through it contains no actual disk) is a data storage
device using integrated circuit assemblies as memory to store
persistently.
 RAID (Redundant Array of Independent
Disks)
• Redundant Array of Independent Drives (or Disks)
also known as Redundant Array of Inexpensive Drives
(or Disks) Is an umbrella term for data storage
schemes that divide and /or replace data among
multiple hard drive.
• RAID offers different schemes for increased data
reliability and/or I/O performance.
• Most schemes are numbered and referred to as levels.
RAID began as a collection of such five levels.
 RAID 0: Striped Set (2 disks minimum) without parity.

 RAID 1: Mirrored Set (2 disks minimum) without parity.

 RAID 3 and RAID 4: Striped Set (3 disk minimum) with Dedicated parity

 RAID 5: Striped Set (3 disk minimum) with Distributed Parity.

 RAID 6: Striped Set (4 disk minimum) with Dual
Distributed Parity.
 Physical Structure of Hard Disk
• The magnetic storage hard disk is based on a more than 40 year old
technology and still is being improved rapidly.
• Hard disks continue to shrink in size, gain increased storage capacity
and increased transfer speeds.
• IBM introduced the first hard disk in 1957, when data was usually
stored on tapes.
• The first 305 RAMAC (Random Access Method for Accounting and
Control) consists of 50 platters , 24 inch diameter (about 6 times larger
than 3.5” floppy) with a total capacity of 5Mb only and was twice
larger than the size of refrigerator.
• In the early years of PC development low cost floppy drive were
performed storage media , but with IBM’s PC-XT in 1983-84 the hard
disk drive become the preferred medium
• Hard disk consists of one or more magnetic disks contained in a box.
Components of Hard disk drive
Components of Hard Disk Drive
 The basic components of a typical hard disk drive
are as follows
 Disk platters
 Read/write heads
 Head actuator mechanism
 Spindle motor (inside platter hub)
 Logic board (controller or Printed Circuit Board)
 Cables and connectors
 Configuration items
 Hard disk:
• The hard disk used in computers spin at the speed of 5400 to 15000
revolution per minute(RPM).
 Hard disk drive mechanical part:
• This includes hard disk physical construction, read/write head construction ,
its data density RPM(rotation per minute) etc..
 Read/Write head:
• A read/write head or RW head is a device found on the arm of a hard drive
that is used to read and write data from hard drive’s disk platter. Hard drives
usually have one read/write head for each platter side.
 Actuator:
• An actuator is an electronic device controlled by a motor that moves the
hard drive head. In the past, the actuator within a hard drive was controlled
by a stepper motor.
 Access arm:
• Read/write head arm, head arm, or actuator arm, the access arm is
every mechanical hard drive. As the platter spins, the access arm
adjusts the read/write heads to facilitate the reading, writing or
deletion of information
 Disk platters:
• Every hard disk contains one or more flat disks that are used to
actually hold the data in the drive. These disks are called platters.
 Spindle/Spindle motor:
• The spindle motor, also sometimes called the spindle shaft, is
responsible for turning the hard disk platters, allowing the hard
drive to operate. The spindle motor is sort of a “work horse” of the
hard disk.
 Logical Structure of Hard Disk
 Sides or Heads:
• Drive with three platters one can read and write on six sides. If the drive is
servo based then one side may be used for the servo information and only 5
usable sides will be available. This type of drive used in early system. Each
side of the disk has a separate read/write head to read/write on the disk
surface.
 Tracks:
• Platters are organized into specific structure to enable the organized storage
and retrieval of data.
 Sectors:
• A sector is normally the smallest
individually-addressable unit of
information stored on a hard
disk, and normally holds 512
bytes of information. The PC
hard disks typically held 17
sectors per track.
 Cylinder
• The hard disk having more than
one platter makes virtually a
cylinder like structure on same
tracks of different platters as
shown in figure.
 Zone Bit Recording-
• Zone Bit Recording (ZBR) is used by disk drives to store more sectors per
track on outer tracks than on inner tracks. It is also called Zone Constant
Angular Velocity.
 MBR-
• A master boot record (MBR) is a special type of boot sector.
• The MBR holds the information on how the logical partitions, containing
file systems, are organized on that medium.
 Cluster-
• Each partition on your hard disk is subdivided into clusters. A cluster is the
smallest possible unit of storage on a hard disk.
• The size of a cluster depends on two things:
• The size of the partition
• The file system installed on the partition
 Explain Disk Performance Parameters
 Seek Time: A hard disk’s seek time is the amount of time required for read/write
heads to move between tracks over the platters. A seek time is normally expressed
in milliseconds, and most modern drives today have average seek times between 8
and 10 milliseconds.
 Latency: The platters on a hard disk spin at high speeds, and the spin speed is not
synchronized with the process that moves the read/write heads to the correct
cylinder. When the heads arrive at the correct cylinder, the actual sector that is
needed may be anywhere. The drive must wait for the correct sector to come
around to where the read/write heads are located after actuator assembly has
moved to the correct track. It is called latency.
 Data Transfer Rate: A data transfer rate measures how fast data is transferred
between two location. An external drive and an internal drive transfer data at same
rate. It is usually measured in bits per second(bps) how fast data is transferred.
 File System: Fragmentation of the file system and file layout can affect the
transfer rate. Defragmentation involves moving related items on a disk to
physically close locations to minimize retrieval delays.
 INPUT DEVICES
 KEYBOARD: Types, Working Principle, Types of switches
• The keyboard is one of the most common input device used in the
computer system. A computer keyboard is an important device that allows
a person to enter symbols like letters and numbers into a computer.
 Keyboard Operation:
• Inside the keyboard, there are main two components a chip and key
Matrix that do operation of Keyboard.
 Keyboard Controller:
• Keyboard controller is an electronic device or IC chip that is used to
interface keyboard with the computer system. It is the main controlling
device of keyboard. It reads signals coming from the keyboard matrix and
interprets them according to the main program written in its memory.
 Construction and working of keyboard controller
 The keyboard is sending electronic signal, scan code, to the computer
and inform that a key is pressed.
 The keyboard controller interprets the scan code and determines which
character is pressed.
 Using scan code table and the condition of various shift keys such as
ALT, shift, CTRL, Caps Lock etc., the BIOS converts the scan code into
proper ASCII code.
 The operating system software decides on the which application the key
is pressed and sends a message to that application telling it a key was
pressed.
 The application decides what to do with the key press.
 The next time the video card refreshes monitor the letters will appear on
the screen. Most video cards refresh the monitor between 70 to 100 times
per seconds.
 Types of Keyboards
 Standard Keyboard
 Multimedia Keyboard
 Internet Keyboard
 Gaming Keyboard
 Membrane Keyboard
 Ergonomic Keyboard
 Wireless Keyboard
 Compact Keyboard
 Virtual Keyboard
 Standard Keyboard
 Standard alphanumeric keyboards have keys that are on three-
quarter inch centers (0.750 inches, 19.05 mm) and have a key travel
of at least 0.150 inches (3.81 mm). Desktop computer keyboards,
such as the 101-key US traditional keyboards or the 104-key
Windows keyboards, include alphabetic characters, punctuation
symbols, numbers and a variety of function keys.
 Multimedia Keyboard
 The multimedia keyboard is specially designed for the people who
are much into multimedia designing. This keyboard is just like the
standard keyboard, but composed of additional keys for the
multimedia purpose such as multimedia application launch, volume
control and mute button.
 Internet Keyboard
 The internet keyboards are designed for wider range of multimedia
applications, these keyboards are specially designed for the intense
Internet user. The special keys included in this keyboard are the
home key, back and forward key, e-mail launch key, and browser
launch key etc.
 Gaming Keyboard
 Gaming keyboards are those who are into gaming and need easy
access to the key that are usually utilized in gaming. These
keyboards are composed of particular gaming-oriented features such
as key lighting, programmable keys, and/or extra controls of volume
and brightness. Main keys:- W,A,S,D
 Membrane Keyboard
 Membrane keyboards are one of the keyboard types, which are used
very rarely. The keys integrated in this keyboard are non-moving
pressure-sensitive keys. The keys in this keyboard are so close, so
that there is no scope for spilling liquids into the keyboard.
 Ergonomic Keyboard
 In this key board certain space will be existing between the two sets
of keys and the countered shape of this key board allow the users to
place their hands in the natural position to type.
 Wireless Keyboard
 A wireless keyboard can be operated without addressing a wired
connection to the processor. The wireless keyboards are also referred
as Coreless keyboard; these keyboards require batteries to provide
the electricity. Wireless keyboard connects to the computer through
infrared(IR), radio frequency (RF) or Bluetooth connections.
 Compact Keyboard
 Compact keyboards are slim and usually do not have numeric keypad
that is present on the right side of other keyboards. These are
typically used in laptops. Some models also include a touch-pad that
can be used instead of the mouse.
 Virtual Keyboard
 Virtual keyboards are software devices that let you input data just
like a hardware keyboard. They open up as an application and can be
controlled by a mouse or via a touch screen.
 They are mainly used in devices which do not necessarily require a
keyboard, like a tablet or a smart-phone.
 Types of Keyboard Switches

 Membrane Switch
 A membrane switch generally consists of two polyester films that the
screen printed with conductive ink to form the circuit layers of the
switch.
 A spacer, which is die cut at contact points, is then sandwiched between
two circuits.
 Types of Keyboard Switches

 Mechanical Switch
 The pure mechanical type is a simple mechanical switch that features
metal contacts in a momentary contact arrangement.
 The switch often includes a feedback mechanism, consisting of a clip and
spring arrangement designed to give a "clicky" feel to the keyboard and
offer some resistance to the key-press.
 Mechanical switches are very durable, usually have self-cleaning
contacts, and are normally rated for 20 million keystrokes.
 Types of Keyboard Switches

 Rubber Dome
 Dome switch uses small, flexible rubber domes, each with a hard carbon
center.
 When you press a key, a plunger on the bottom of the key pushes down
against the dome, the carbon center presses against a hard, flat surface
beneath the key matrix.
 Types of Keyboard Switches

 Capacitive Switch
 This is one of the most common keyboard switch type. In this type of
switches two plates of the capacitors are used when the key is pressed
these two plates are brought closer.
 Therefore the capacitances of the switches are changed. The sense
amplifier is measure the voltage change across the switch.
 MOUSE
 Types of Mouse

 Mechanical
 Optical
 Opto-Mechanical (Optical-Mechanical) Mouse
 Laser Mouse
 Laptop mouse
 Mechanical

 Mechanical: Has a rubber or metal ball on its underside that can

roll in all directions. Mechanical sensors within the mouse detect
the direction the ball is rolling and move the screen pointer
accordingly.
 Optical

 Optical: Uses a laser to detect the mouse's movement.

 You don’t need a mouse pad but you can use one made for optical
mice.
 Optical mice have no mechanical moving parts.
 They respond more quickly and precisely than the other two type,
but they are also more expensive.
 Opto-Mechanical (Optical-Mechanical) Mouse

 Opto-mechanical: Same as a mechanical mouse, but uses optical

sensors to detect motion of the ball. The device is a combination of
optical and mechanical technologies.
 Laser Mouse

 A Laser mouse is the new generation mouse with two necessary

components – light emitter and light detector.
 A laser mouse uses laser as the light emitter and has a precise
scanning of mouse movement.
 Laptop Mouse

 They give a more compact design that’s well-suited to smaller

spaces that laptop are utilized in.
 These mice are ideal for laptop users do not want to use track-pads.
 Mouse Operation
 Mechanical Mouse
 Mechanical mice have a rubber ball inside them. Open one up and you can see the heavy ball clearly
and the spring that keep it in position.
1. Switch detects click of left mouse button.
2. Switch for middle button.
3. Switch for right button.
4. Old-style connection to PS/2 socket on computer.
5. Chip turns back-and-forth(analog) mouse movements into numeric (digital) signals computer can
understand.
6. X-axis wheel turns when you move mouse left and right.
7. Y-axis wheel turns when you move mouse up and down.
8. Heavy rubber wheel.
9. Spring presses rubber ball firmly against X- and Y-axis wheels so they register movements
properly.
10. Electrolytic capacitor
 Working of Mechanical Mouse

• In Mechanical Mouse, Each wheel is made up of plastic spokes and,

as it turns, the spokes repeatedly break a light beam.
• The more the wheels turns, the more times the beam is broken.
 Mouse Operation
 Optical Mouse: below given parts inside Optical mouse
1. An LED at the back generates red light and shines it horizontally, from the back
of the mouse toward the front.
2. A plastic prism bends (refracts) the light from the LED at an angle, down to
desk.
3. A light-detector chip measures light reflected back up from the desk, converting
the analog movements of your hand into digital signals that can be sent to your
computer.
4. The scroll wheel at the front of the mouse is mounted on a switch mechanism
that detects both how much it’s rotated and whether you’ve pressed it.
5. A micro switch detects when you press the right mouse button. There’s an
identical switch on the other side to detect the left mouse button.
6. The USB cable connection carries information from the mouse to your
computer.
 Working of Optical Mouse

• An optical mouse works in a completely different way. It shines a bright

light down onto your desk from an LED (light-emitting diode) mounted on
the mouse.
• The light bounces straight back up off the desk into a photocell, also
mounted under the mouse, a short distance from the LED.
 Mouse Interfaces

• A mouse interface is dedicated socket or connector in the

computer for connecting a mouse. Mainly two different
types of interfaces have been developed.

1. Wired interfaces
2. Wireless interfaces
 Wired Interfaces Mouse
 Bus Interface:
• The first type of mouse was connected to the PC by the use of a bus,
so it was actually being referred to as the bus mouse.
• It was used in the early days of the IBM-compatible personal
computers.
 Wired Interfaces Mouse
 Serial Interface:
• The serial interface mouse was connected to the computer via the
serial port.
• 9-pin connector is used to connect mouse.
• A serial port is a serial communication physical interface through
which information transfers in or out one bit at a time.
 Wired Interfaces Mouse
 PS/2 Interface:
• The PS/2 interface mouse is connected on the PS/2 port (green in
colour).
• The PS/2 connector is a 6-pin Mini-DIN or 5-pin din connector for
connecting mice to computer system.
 Wired Interfaces Mouse
 USB Interface:
• USB interface Mouse connects to a USB port on the back of your
PC.
• The USB ports supports hot plugging where you connect or remove
a device without turning off your computer.
 Wireless Interfaces
 RF Frequencies Interface:
• RF frequency mice utilize RF signals to make them function correctly. An
RF transmitter located inside the mouse is used to transmit signals that
dictate the location of the mouse.
• RF device that operate at 27 MHz and has a range of about 6 feet (2
meters). More recently, 2.4 GHz RF mice have hit the market with the
advantage of a longer range about 33 feet (10 meters) and faster
transmissions with less interference.
 Wireless Interfaces
 Bluetooth RF Interface:
• Bluetooth also has decent range, usually about 33 feet.
• Bluetooth technology uses 2.4 gigahertz frequencies to connect not
only mice, but also keyboards, PDAs and some printers.
 Wireless Interfaces
 Infrared Interface:
• A bright infrared glow can be seen when turning the mouse upside
and down. This infrared sensor is responsible for transmitting the
location of the mouse to the computer.
 Create: This operation is used to create a new file with a unique name in the directory. It is
two step process.
 Delete: 2 step follows, first – look for the specific file in directory. Second – once directory
entry found for the required file.
 Open: Once a file is created, it must be opened before performing any file processing
operations.
 Close: when the file processing is complete, it should be closed
 Read: This operation is used read data from the file.
 Write: This operation is used to write the data into the file.
 Append: This operation adds more data/information at the end of the file.
 Seek: This operation re-positions the file pointer from current position to specific place
within the file.
 Rename: This operation is used to change the name of the existing file.
 Get Attribute: This operation is used to read file attributes.
 Set Attribute: This operation is used to set some of the attributes after the file has been
created.
 SCANNER
• The basic principle of a scanner is to analyze an image and process
it in some way.
• Image and text capture allow you to save information to a file on
your computer.
• Most of the scanner use CCD, (charge-coupled device) or CIS,
(Contact Image Sensor) as the image sensors.

 Types of Scanner
• There are different types of scanner for different types of documents
that need to be scanned.
 Flatbed Scanner
• A flatbed scanner is made up of a glass pane and a moving sensor.
• Flatbed scanners also called desktop scanners are the most versatile
and commonly used scanners.
• The majority of common flatbed scanners scan up to A4 paper size.
 Sheet-fed Scanner
• In sheetfed scanners, the document that is supposed to be scanned is
fed into the horizontal or vertical slot provided in the scanner.
• It can’t be used to scan thicker objects, like books, which turn out to
be its major drawback.
 Handheld Scanner
• A handheld Scanner is a small manual scanning device which is
moved over the paper that needs to be scanned.
• If a document needs to be scanned, the handheld scanner has to be
dragged over the document.
 Drum Scanner
• Drum Scanners are used by the publishing industry to capture incredibly
detailed images.
• They use a technology called a photomultiplier tube (PMT).
• In PMT, the document to be scanned is mounted on a glass cylinder.
• At the center of the cylinder is a sensor that splits light bounced from the
document into three beams. Each beam is sent through a color filter into a
photomultiplier tube where the light is changed into an electrical signal.
 Microfilm Scanner
• Microfilm Scanners are highly specialized devices for digitizing roll film,
fiche and aperture cards.
 Slide Scanner
• Using these Slide Scanners, you can make digital copies of photos that you
have stored as slides. Inserting each slide into the scanner and then
pressing button.
 Photo Scanner
• Photo Scanners are mostly used to scan photographs.
• If the motive of buying a scanner is to digitize film negatives and slides,
then the photo scanner is the best option.
 Portable Scanner
• Portable Scanners can be easily carried with oneself anywhere.
• It can scan the text of a document line by line. Some are as wide as a page
and roll easily down the page.
• They’re not going to give high-resolution scans and so aren’t good for
scanning photographs or other applications where you need a high-quality
result.
 Working of Scanner
• Scanner operate by shining light at the object or document being
digitized and directing the reflected light onto a photosensitive element.
• In most scanners, the sensing medium is an electronic, light-sensing
integrated circuit known as a charged coupled device (CCD).
• CCD is by far the most common light-sensing technology used in
modern scanners.
• Two other technologies, CIS (Contact Image Sensor) and PMT
(photomultiplier tube) are found in the low and high ends of the
scanner market, respectively.
• Another imaging array technology that has become popular in
inexpensive flatbed scanner is contact image scanner (CIS). CIS
replaces the CCD array, mirrors, filters, lamp and lens with rows of red,
green and blue light emitting diodes (LEDs).
 Steps for Working of Scanner
1. The image to be scanned is placed on top of the scanner’s glass plate.
2. The computer sends instructions to the logic board about how far the motor is to run
and how fast
3. The logic board instruction place the scanning unit into an appropriate position to being
scanning
4. The scanning unit moves across the image to be scanned at a speed designated by the
logic board instruction.
5. As the scanning unit moves across the image, a light source shines on the image.
6. The light strikes the image, reflects, and is then reflected by a series of mirror to the
scanner lens
7. The light passes through the scanner lens and reaches the CCD sensors
8. CCD sensors measure the amount of light reflected through the image and converts the
light to an analog voltage
9. The analog voltage is charged to digital values by an ADC – analog to digital converter.
 A color Scanner vs. a Black/white Scanner:
• Black/white scanners only have one light source, and color
scanner have three light sources, one for each primary color –
red, green, blue.
• Color scanning can be achieved by a one-pass scanner or a
three-pass scanner.
• A one-pass scanner scans the image once and records all three
colors at the same time, while a three-pass scanner makes
three passes over the image and records only one color each
pass.
 OUTPUT DEVICES

 PRINTER
• A printer is an electromechanical device which converts the text and
graphical documents from electronic form to the physical form.
• Generally, they are the external peripheral devices which are
connected with the computers or laptops through a cable or
wirelessly to receive input data and print them on the papers .
 Types of Printers
• Printers are output devices used to prepare permanent Output devices
on paper.
 Types of Printers (Impact)
 Dot Matrix Printer
• Dot – matrix printers are relatively expensive and do not produce high-
quality output.
• It prints characters as combination of dots. These have a matrix of pins on
the print heads of the printer which form the character. They are generally
24 pins.
 Types of Printers (Impact)
 Daisy Wheel Printer
• Daisy wheel printers print only characters and symbols and cannot print
graphics. Working of daisy wheel printers is very similar to typewriters.
• The printing elements rotate rapidly with the help of a servo motor and
pauses to allow the printing hammer to strike the character against the paper.
• They are generally slow with a printing speed of about 10 to 75 characters
per second.
 Types of Printers (Impact)
 Line Printer
• The line printer is a form of high speed impact printer in which one line of
type is printed at a time.
• Print speeds of 600 to 1200 lines-per-minute.
• The different types of line printers are drum printers and chain printers.

 Drum Printer
• As the desired character for each column passes the print position, a hammer
strikes the paper from the rear and presses the paper against the ribbon and
the drum, causing the desired character to be recorded on the continuous
paper.
 Types of Printers (Non – Impact)
 Ink-Jet Printer
• An inkjet printer is any printer that places extremely small droplets of ink
onto paper to create an image.
• The core of an inkjet printer, the print head contains a series of nozzles that
are used to spray drops of ink.
 Types of Printers (Non – Impact)
 Laser Printer
• Laser printing is the most advance technology.
• It rapidly produces high quality text and graphics by passing a laser beam
over a charged drum to define a differentially charged image.
• The drum then selectively collects charged toner and transfers the image to
paper, which is then heated to permanently fix the image.
1. Cleaning – The Photosensitive drum is cleaned before it can take on a
new image.
2. Conditioning or Charging – To make the drum accessible to new
images, it must be changed.
3. Writing – A laser beam is use to write to the drum causing dots on the
drum to lose some of the negative charge and become relatively positive
charge
4. Developing – A toner is transferred from the toner cylinder to the drum
by attracting the area of the drum that has a Relative positive charge.
5. Transferring – The Transfer corona wire puts a highly positive charge on
the paper has a positive charge the negatively charge toner particle
jumps from the drum into the paper.
6. Fusing – The compression roller and fusing roller press and melts the
toner into the paper the fuser gets very hot
 MONITOR
 LED - Light Emitting Displays (LED) LCD - Liquid crystal display (LCD)
LED has a better response time than LCD. LCD is slower than LED in terms of response
time.
LED consumes more power in comparison to Whereas it consumes less power in
LCD. comparison to LED.
LED delivers good picture quality in LCD also delivers good picture quality but
comparison to the LCD display less than LED.
LED is costlier than LCD. While it is less costly than LED.
LED delivers better color accuracy in While it also delivers good color accuracy, we
comparison to the LCD. can notice the difference if we compare these
two.
LED TVs can be up to 90 inches and they are LCD Screen size comes in the range of 13-57
much similar to LCD TVs. inches.
LED has a wider viewing angle than the LCD. While in LCD, the wide-angle decreases with
30 degrees from the center in the image then
the contrast ratio.
 Other secondary storage devices:
 CDs (compact discs) :- optical storage media that stores digital data. Typically
stores up to 700MB of data. Used for audio, data etc.
 DVDs (digital versatile discs) :- optical discs capable of storing much more
data than CDs – 4.7GB to 17GB. Used for high capacity storage like movies.
 USB (universal serial bus) :- type of interface used to connect devices to a
computer. USB drives plug into USB ports.
 Pen/Flash Drive:-
 Pen drive and USB flash drives are portable storage devices that can be plugged
in and used right away.
 A pen drive can replace a CD/DVD. In the event that a pen drive is connected
to a USB port on a PC, it is interpreted by the operating system as a removable
drive and assigned a drive letter.
 There are pen drives available with capacities ranging from 8 to 64 GB.
 CD DVD
The acquire size of CD is 700 MB. While the acquire size of DVD is 4.7 GB to
17 GB.
In CD, the recording or metal layer is While in DVD, the recording or metal layer
situated on the top of disk. is situated in middle of disk.
There is only single pit layer in CD. While there are double layers of pits in
DVD.
In CD, the data transfer rate is 1.4 MB to While in DVD, the data transfer rate is 11
1.6 MB/sec. MB/sec.
The thickness of CD is 1.2 mm. While the thickness of DVD is 0.6 mm.
Full form :- Compact Disk Full form :- Digital Versatile Discs
In CD, CIRC and EFMP are used as the While In DVD, RS-PC and EFMplus are
error correction codes. used as the error correction codes.