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Toxoplasmagondii

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite with three morphological forms: tachyzoite, bradyzoite, and oocyst. It can be transmitted to humans through contaminated food, water, or undercooked meat, and can cause severe symptoms in immunocompromised individuals and congenital issues in newborns. Diagnosis involves direct microscopy, serology, and molecular methods, while treatment includes medications like pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine, with prevention strategies focusing on hygiene and proper food handling.

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8 views34 pages

Toxoplasmagondii

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite with three morphological forms: tachyzoite, bradyzoite, and oocyst. It can be transmitted to humans through contaminated food, water, or undercooked meat, and can cause severe symptoms in immunocompromised individuals and congenital issues in newborns. Diagnosis involves direct microscopy, serology, and molecular methods, while treatment includes medications like pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine, with prevention strategies focusing on hygiene and proper food handling.

Uploaded by

Meddicos Ortolarhingology
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Toxoplasma gondii

Introduction
 Obligate intracellular parasite

 It belongs to coccidian parasites

 The name toxoplasma derived from “toxon”


arc or bow ( curved shape of the
tachyzoites)

 Phylum - sporozoa
Morphology:
Three morphological forms

Tachyzoite
Asexual forms

Bradyzoite
(Tissue cyst)

Sexual form oocyst


TACHYZOITE
 Actively multiplying form
 Crescent shaped
 Seen in acute infection

 Infect all the nucleated mammalian cells


 Inside the host cell, the tachyzoites are

surrounded by a vacuole  asexual


multiplication occurs  rosettes
 Host cell  distends  pseudocyst
Image of a tachyzoite
TISSUE CYST:
 Resting stage of the parasite
 Seen in chronic infections  most common

site is muscles and brain


 Inside the cyst  slowly multiplying

trophozoites are called as bradyzoites

 BRADYZOITE:
 Resistant to gastric juice
 Multiplies slowly
 Contains PAS positive amylopectin granules
Image of a tissue cyst:
OOCYST:
 Sexual form of the parasite found only in
cats and felines
Life cycle

Definitive host
Intermediate host:
Life cycle – two phases:

Enteric cycle or sexual


cycle

Exo enteric cycle or


asexual cycle
Life cycle
Transmission to man:
1. Ingestion of sporulated oocysts from
contaminated soil, food or water
2. Ingestion of tissue cyst containing
bradyzoites from undercooked meat
3. By blood transfusion, needle stick injuries,
organ transplantation
4. Transplacentral transmission
5. Laboratory accidents
( Tachyzoites are the infective form in blood)
CLINICAL HISTORY
 A known AIDS patient presents with
complaints of fever, seizures, visual defects
and facial nerve palsy and altered
sensorium.
 His CD4 count is 78/ul
 CT scan brain shows multiple ring

enhancing lesions in the basal ganglia


CT image :
IM NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR MY
INFECTION 

 A newborn baby is presenting with visual


impairment, microcephaly, hydrocephaly
and on CT scan it showed intracerebral
calcification.
Clinical features:
 Features in immunocompetent individual

 Features in immunodeficient individual

 Congenital toxoplasmosis

 Ocular toxoplasmosis
Congenital toxoplasmosis
Ocular toxoplasmosis:
Diagnosis :
 Direct microscopy  Detection of
tachyzoites in blood and tissue cyst in
tissue biopsy

 Staining methods:
1. Giemsa
2. PAS
3. Silver stains
4. Immunoperoxidase stain
Serology:
 Detection of Toxoplasma antigen by ELISA

 Detection of Toxoplasma antibody by


1. Sabin feldman dye test
2. IgM ELISA
3. IgG ELISA
4. IgG avidity test
 Molecular diagnosis

 Animal inoculation

 Tissue culture

 Imaging methods
Sabin Feldman dye test
 Gold standard antibody detection test
 Done only in reference laboratories

 Complement mediated neutralization test


that requires live tachyzoites

 Live tachyzoites are incubated with


complement and test serum
 Alkaline methylene blue dye is added and

reincubated
 Toxoplasma antibodies in the serum bind to
the antigens in the live tachyzoites  killed
due to complement mediated lysis

 Killed tachyzoites  thin, distorted and


colourless

 The dilution of the test serum at which 50%


of the tachyzoites are killed  antibody titer
of the test serum
Diagnosis of congenital
toxoplasmosis:

 Toxoplasma antigens in amniotic fluid


 PCR
 IgM antibodies in fetal blood by ELISA
 Role of IgG antibodies in diagnosing

congential toxoplasmosis ?
 Ultrasound of fetus at 20 to 24 weeks of

gestation
Treatment:
 Congenital toxoplasmosis:

oral pyrimethamine (1mg/kg) and


sulfadiazine ( 100mg/kg) with folinic acid
daily for one year
 Toxoplasmosis in AIDS:

Cotrimoxazole
Dapsone – Pyrimethamine
Atovaquone with pyrimethamine
Prevention
 Consumption of cooked meat
 Hand hygiene
 Prenatal and antenatal screening to detect

Toxoplasma infection in women of child


bearing age
 Proper handling of pet cats
 Screening of blood donors and organ donors
Time for questions?
Am I causing infection ?
OMG
Have you screened me?
THANK YOU……

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