Parts of the Flowering Plant

Mixtures and Solutions

Objectives
LO: What is a solution?

Steps to success:

• I can state what a solution is.

• I can describe the arrangement of particles in a solution.
• I can explain how distillation works.
 What is a mixture?
• A mixture is formed when the
particles of two or more
substances
are simply mixed together.
 What is a mixture?
• A mixture is formed when the
particles of two or more
substances
are simply mixed together.
 What is a mixture?
• A mixture is formed when the • There is no chemical reaction
particles of two or more when a mixture is formed, and
substances the particles do not join.
are simply mixed together.
 What is a mixture?
• A mixture is formed when the • There is no chemical reaction
particles of two or more when a mixture is formed,
substances because the particles do not join.
are simply mixed together.

• The components of a mixture can

be added in any amounts.

• The components of a mixture

keep their original properties. The iron in the mixture is
mixture of iron still magnetic and the
and sulfur sulfur is not
Sound Bible: Mike Koenig Asoult@ Wikimedia Commons
 Solutions are Mixtures

solute particle A solution is formed when a solute

(usually a solid) dissolves in a
solvent (usually a liquid) to make a
solution
solvent To dissolve, the solute particles fit
soluti particle into the spaces between the
on solvent particles

Fit each of the following words into the correct box in the equation below.
solutio solven dissolvi solute
n t ng
+
 Solutions are Mixtures Mark your work

o a ny ns solute particle A solution is formed when a solute

D ti o
r ec (usually a solid) dissolves in a
cor
solvent (usually a liquid) to make a
solution
solvent To dissolve, the solute particles fit
particle
soluti into the spaces between the
on solvent particles Ho w did
you do?

Fit each of the following words into the correct box in the equation below.

dissolvi
solven
t
+ solute ng solutio
n
Solutions are Mixtures

Watch the next slide

then answer question
3
 Separating Mixtures
Mixtures are separated using the physical properties of the components such
as:
• color The components of a salad are easily
• density separated by color.

• melting point
• boiling point
• solubility tomat
lettuc o
e

Exa
mp le
This salad is a mixture of
fruits and a vegetable. pepper
FoeNyx@ Wikimedia Commons
s
 Separating Mixtures

Solute particles A solution is formed when a solute

dissolves in a solvent

The solute and the solvent have

Solvent
soluti particles different boiling points.
on • Solvent 1000C
• Solute 3500C

This means that the solvent will boil and form a gas before the solute.

This fact can be used to separate a solution into its individual components.

Asoult@ Wikimedia Commons

 Obtaining a Solid Solute From a Solution
• Evaporation to Dryness
This is called
 Heat until all the water evaporates.
evaporation Evaporating
basin  Solute left will be in powdered form.

Copper sulphate
Copper sulphate
Copper sulphate
solution • Evaporation to Crystallization
powder
crystals
Wire  Evaporate only some of the water to
gauze
obtain a hot saturated solution.
 Allow cold solution to stand for a few

Heat Tripod days.

 This allows time for crystals of the solute
to grow as the rest of the water slowly
Asoult@ Wikimedia Commons
Obtaining a Solid Solute From a Solution
Answer question 4
 Obtaining a Solid Solute From a Solution
Mark your work
Answer question 4
Evaporating
basin
o a ny ns • In evaporation to dryness, all
D ti o
r ec
cor the solvent is evaporated but in
Solution
evaporation to crystallization
Wire only some solvent is evaporated
gauze
to give a hot, saturated solution which is
How did
then left to evaporate.
you do?

Heat Tripod • In evaporation to dryness, the

solute is left as a powder but
evaporation to crystallization gives
Asoult@ Wikimedia Commons
 Obtaining a Solvent From a Solution
This is called • The solvent has the lowest

Round bottomed flask

distillation boiling point and boils first.
• Solvent vapor passes down
Cooling the condenser.
water in
(slowed • In the condenser, the solvent
by vapor is cooled and so
gravity)
condenses to form a liquid.
• The liquid solvent (distillate)
Solution
can now be collected.
• The solute is left in the round
Water Liebig Solvent
out condenser (distillate) bottomed flask
Obtaining a Solvent From a Solution

Answer question 5
 Obtaining a Solvent From a Solution
D
cor o any
Mark your work rec
tio
This is called ns
Round bottomed flask
distillation Answer question 5

Cooling
water in
(slowed
by (i). The solvent has the lowest
gravity) boiling point and boils first.

(iii). In the condenser, the

Solution
solvent vapor is cooled and
so condenses to form a
Water Liebig Solvent
out condenser (distillate) liquid.
 Separating a Mixture of Colored
Compounds

Watch the next slide then

answer question 1
 Separating a Mixture of Colored
Compounds
Chromatograph • Chromatography separates the colored
components in a mixture using solubility.
y
Chromatography
paper How Does Chromatography Work?
most
soluble • The solvent travels up tiny capillary tubes in
the chromatography paper.
Beaker
• As the solvent travels up the paper, the
Spot of
least soluble mixture different substances in the mixture dissolve

Pencil line in it.

1cm
• The most soluble components of the mixture
Solvent
travel the furthest up the paper.
 Separating a Mixture of Colored
Compounds
Chromatograph Answer question 2

X black ink

What does this chromatogram What does this chromatogram

tell you about X? tell you about black ink?
 Separating a Mixture of Colored
Compounds How did
you do?
Mark your work
Chromatograph
o a ny ns
y D ti o
r ec
cor

X black ink

What does this chromatogram What does this chromatogram

tell you about X? tell you about black ink?
X is a pure substance • Black ink is a mixture of three
substances.
• Black ink is a contains a purple
substance, a blue substance and a
yellow substance.
 Separating a Mixture of Colored
Compounds
Chromatograph • Chromatography can be used to identify unknown
substance X and its components.
y
• On the chromatogram is a spot of the unknown
substance X plus spots of other known substances A
to D.
• If a substance is the same, it will give a spot of the
same color at the same level.

Answer question 4
X A B C D
 Separating a Mixture of Colored
Compounds
Chromatograph • Chromatography can be used to identify unknown
a ny s
Do tion substance X and its components.
y rrec
co
• On the chromatogram is a spot of the unknown
substance X plus spots of other known substances.

• If a substance is the same, it will give a spot of the

same color at the same level. How did
you do?
Answer these
questions
X A B C D • Which substance is the same mixture as X?
C

Mark your work • Which substance is a component of mixture X?

A
 Separating a Mixture of Colored
Compounds
Chromatograph
y following question
Answer the

State five things that can be found out about a substance using chromatography

Answer question 5
 Separating a Mixture of Colored
Compounds
Chromatograph D
cor o an
rec y
y work tio
Mark your ns

State five things that can be found out about a substance using chromatography

1. Find out whether a substance is pure (contains only one substance).

2. Find out how many components are in a mixture. How did

you do?

3. Find out the colors of the components in a mixture.

4. Identify an unknown substance.

5. Identify the components in a mixture

 Separating a Mixture of Liquids
• Fractional distillation can be used to
Fractional separate a mixture of liquids because they
Water will all have different boiling points
Distillation
Fractionatin
out Liebig
g column condenser • Boiling points
methanol 640C ethanol 780C
• Methanol boils first. Methanol vapor passes
up the fractionating column into the
condenser where it liquifies and is then
collected in the measuring cylinder.
Water • Any ethanol which vaporizes with the
in methanol condenses out on the cold glass
inside the fractionating column and drips
back down into the flask
• The temperature of the mixture will not
Distillate increase until all the methanol has
Mixture of separated out.
Separating a Mixture of Liquids

Answer question 1
 did
Separating a Mixture of Liquids H o w
u do?
yo
1 a) Mark your work
b). The difference in which physical
Fractionatin
Water property of the two liquids allows
out Liebig
g column condenser fractional distillation to separate them?
boiling points
c). Which liquid separates out first?
The one with the lowest boiling point
a ny s d). What does the Liebig condenser do?
Do tion
rrec In the condenser, the solvent vapor is
co
Water cooled and so condenses to form a
in liquid.
e). Does the liquid with the highest or
lowest boiling point condense out on the
cold glass inside the fractionating
Distillate column and drip back into the flask?
Mixture of highest
 Separating an Insoluble Solid from a Liquid
• Filtration is used to obtain an insoluble
Filtration solid (does not dissolve) from a liquid
• Filter paper contains tiny holes which are
big enough to allow the liquid particles
through but too small for the solid
Filter paper Suspension particles.
of sand Liquid
particles
Filter funnel
Solid
e re’ s how particles
H
ne
Beaker it’s do
Filter paper
 Separating an Insoluble Solid from a Liquid
• Filtration is used to obtain an insoluble
Filtration (does not dissolve) solid from a liquid
• Filter paper contains tiny holes which are
big enough to allow the liquid particles
through but too small for the solid
Filter paper Suspension particles.
of sand Liquid
particles
Filter funnel
Solid
particles
Residue
Beaker
Filter paper
• Liquid particles pass through the filter
Filtrate paper into the beaker – the filtrate.
Filtrate • Solid particles remain in the filter paper –
the residue.
 Separating a Mixture of Liquids

Answer questions 2a and 2b

 Separating an Insoluble Solid from a Liquid
Filtration Mark your work

2 2 b). D
cor o an
rec y
a). Filter paper tio
ns

Filter funnel
Filter paper Liquid particles
are small enough
to pass through Residue
Beaker
the holes in the
did
filter paper
How do?
you Filtrate
Filtrate
Solid particles
are too big to
pass through the
holes in the filter
paper
 Separating an Insoluble Solid from a Liquid
Filtration Answer question
2c
Use words listed below to complete the paragraph explaining
how
to obtain water from a suspension of sand in seawater. Each
word
can be used once,
seawater, more than
evaporation once or notdistillation,
to dryness, at all. chromatography,
sand, fractional distillation, distillate, filter, evaporation to
crystallization
First, ____________ the mixture to remove the ___________. Take the

_____________ and carry out _____________ which will give water as the Suspension
of sand in
_____________. seawater
 Separating an Insoluble Solid from a Liquid
D
co o a
rre ny
Filtration Mark your work cti
on
s
Use words listed below to complete the paragraph explaining how to obtain water
from a suspension of sand in seawater. Each word can be used once, more than
once or not at all.
seawater, evaporation to dryness, distillation,
chromatography, sand, fractional distillation, distillate,
filter,
Suspension
evaporation to crystallization, of sand in
First, filter the mixture to remove the sand. Take the seawater carry seawater

out distillation which will give water as the distillate. How did
you do?
Select one of your A,
B or C cards to
answer each of the
following questions
 This is :

A. an element;

B. a compound;
C
Click for
answer
next
question

C. a mixture.
 This is :

A. an element;

B. a compound;
B
Click for
answer
next
question

C. a mixture.
 This is formed when a solute
dissolves in a solvent.
A. suspension

B. solution
B
Click for
answer
next
question

C. suspicion
 Which of the following is not a
physical property of a substance.

A. color

B. melting point
C
Click for
answer
next
question

C. acidity.
 Obtaining a powdered solute from a
solution can be done by:

A. distillation

B. evaporation to dryness
BClick for
answer
next
question

C. evaporation to crystallization
 Formed when a solute dissolves in a
solvent.

A. suspension

B. compound
C
Click for
answer
next
question

C. solution
 Obtaining a solvent from a solution
can be done by:

A. distillation

B. evaporation to dryness AClick for

answer
next
question

C. evaporation to crystallization
 Separating a mixture of two liquids
can be done by:

A. fractional distillation

B. chromatography AClick for

answer
next
question

C. filtration
 Obtaining a crystalline solute from a
solution can be done by:

A. distillation

B. evaporation to dryness
C
Click for
answer
next
question

C. evaporation to crystallization
 Separating an insoluble solid from a
Liquid can be done by:

A. distillation

B. filtration B
Click for
answer
next
question

C. evaporation to crystallization
Separating the colored components of
a mixture using solubility is done
by:

A. distillation

B. filtration
C
Click for
answer
next
question

C. chromatography
 No
Image

How did
you do?

Do
cor a
rec ny
ti o
ns
 No
Image

a ny s
Do ction
o rre
c

How did
you do?
 No
Image

a ny s
Do ction
o rre
c

id
Ho w d
o?
y ou d

Filtration
 i mp
S
ly g i
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