Electrical installations

Lecture 1 - Lecture 2
Dr. Mohamed Ashmawy
 COURSE DESCRIPTION
• Electrical installations
• Electrical supply, transmission and distribution systems. Conductors and
cables, cross Section Areas calculations. – Design of electric wiring
systems for residential areas, commercial areas – circuit breakers
selection- fuses selections Voltage Drop Calculations- Lighting.
• - ‫مقدمة في أنظمة توليد ونقل وتوزيع الطاقة الكهربائية‬
- - - - ‫األسالك ا والكابالت تحديد مقاطع األسالك والكابالت‬
‫تصميم‬
- ‫التمديدات الكهربية لمناطق مختلفة ( سكنية وتجارية‬
) ‫الخ‬... ‫وصناعية‬
- ‫أنظمة الحماية والقواطع الكهربائية و المصهرات‬
- ‫حساب انخفاض الفولتي‬
- ‫حسابات االضاءة‬
 References
• NEC (National electrical code)
• A.J.Watkins.C.Kitcher(Electrical Installation Calculations
Advanced), 7th Edition-Elsevier-2009 -
IEEE_std_241_Gray_Book,NEC2009
• ‫د محمود‬.‫المرجع في التركيبات والتصميمات الكهربية (ا‬
)‫جيالني‬
• Electrical installation Calculations (A. J. Watkins Chris
Kitcher)
• ‫الكود المصري العمال الكهرباء‬
• Lectures and Notes
 Major components of electric power system:

1) Generation.

2) Transmission.

3) Distribution.
Generation Station: Traditional power stations

1. Thermal Stations:
2. Hydro-Electric Stations:
3. Nuclear Power Stations:
4. Diesel Electric Stations:
5. Gas Turbine Plants:
6. Thermal Stations:
Steam power station
This type of power plants is widely used for power
generation, where the total power generated in such
units represents about 50~60% of the total generation
in the world.
Generation Station: NON-CONVENTIONAL POWER
SOURCES

1. Solar power Stations

2. Wind Power Stations
3. Tidal Energy
4. Wave Energy
5. Chemical Energy (Fuel cells)
6. Geothermal Energy
Wind Turbines
This type of power plants is widely used for power
generation, where the it is clean such units
represents about 50~60% of the total generation in
some countries (Germany).
 Factors for Choosing Power Plant Type
• The following factors have to be considered when
choosing the type of power plants to be installed:
• The available fuels and their prices
• The cost of energy transmission
• The cost of fuel transportation
• The cost of foundation and required land
• The availability of sources for cooling water
• The nature of the load that will be supplied by the
plant
• The operating life of the plant

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Factors for Choosing Power Plant Type
• It has to be noted that the choice of the
equipment's in any power plant depends on
both the price (capital cost) and its efficiency
(running cost).
• The capital cost increases with the efficiency.
• Therefore, a compromise has to be carried
out between the fixed and the running cost
of the equipment.

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 Selecting of Power Plant Location
• Location is a strategic issue; It is the first decision in the
implementation of a project and related to considerations:
• Water Availability: Water must supply all plant requirement
for cooling the equipment's, operation and service with high
quality.
• Fuel supply: Site selection will take into consideration fuel
storage and the ingress and egress of fuel delivery
equipment.
 Physical characteristics:- Selection of the site will be based
on the availability of usable land for the plant, including yard
structures, fuel handling facilities, and any future expansion.
• Other considerations that will be taken :
• 1- Soil information 2- Site drainage. 3-Wind data.

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 Selecting of Power Plant Location
• Soils investigation :- An analysis of existing soils conditions will
be made to determine the proper type of foundation.
• Site development: Grading and drainage:
Related to store and Drain the water
Roadways:
1- Passenger cars for plant personnel and visitors.
2- Trucks for fuel supply.
3- Trucks for maintenance material deliveries.
4- Trucks for removal of ash and other waste materials
 Buildings: size and names of buildings change from one to one
Explanation on details about thermal power plants

10
 Selecting of Power Plant Size
Rated voltage: Affects on the insulation and clearance
level clearance level
voltage << insulation and clearance << size <<
Rated MVA: Affects on the size of equipment so affects
on size
MVA << equipment size << size <<
Safety: When the safety increase affects the size
(nuclear)

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Electrical Power Distribution System
GOALS OF SYSTEM DESIGN:
 The main function of an electrical power distribution
system is to provide power to individual consumer.
 The electrical engineer must consider alternate design
approaches that best fit the following overall goals:
1. Safety
2. Minimum Initial cost
3. Maximum Flexibility and Expendability
4. Maximum Service Continuity
5. Maximum Electrical Efficiency (Min. operating cost)
6. Maximum Power Quality
 GOALS OF SYSTEM DESIGN

1- Safety
• Hazard Recognition:
• How can you sense electrical danger?
– Cannot see, smell, taste, or hear danger
– Can recognize unsafe conditions

• The Design should protect personnel from live electrical

conductors and utilize adequate circuit protective
devices that will selectively isolate overloaded or
faulted circuits or equipment as quickly as possible
 GOALS OF SYSTEM DESIGN

2- Minimum Initial cost

• The capital cost of purchase and installation of equipment
will be a key factor in determining which of various
alternate system designs are to be selected considering:
The cost of installation
Floor space requirements
Possible extra cooling requirements
3- Maximum Flexibility and Expendability
• Electrical utilization loads may be periodically relocated or
changed requiring changes in the electrical distribution
system layout and design.
 GOALS OF SYSTEM DESIGN
4- Maximum Service Continuity
• The degree of service continuity and
reliability )accuracy( needed will vary depending on
the load types and utilizations.
 Smaller commercial office building up to hours
 Larger commercial building or industrial plant only
a few minutes
 hospitals, many critical loads permit a maximum
of 10 seconds outage
 Certain loads, such as real-time controllers, cannot
tolerate a loss of power for even a few cycles.
 GOALS OF SYSTEM DESIGN
5- Maximum Electrical Efficiency (Minimum Operating Costs)
 Minimize the losses in conductors, transformers and utilization equipment
 Proper voltage level selection

6- Maximum Power Quality

• Power Quality is a measure to determine risks and possible defects in electrical
installations
• The quality equipment maximize service continuity, flexibility and expandability
but more expensive.
• The designer must weight each factor based on the type of facility, the loads to be
served, the owner’s past experience and criteria.
Electrical Power Distribution System
The main components of distribution system :
1. Distribution substation (step down transformer),
2. Primary distribution feeder,
3. Distribution Transformer,
4. Distributors,
5. Service mains.
The main components of distribution system
1- Distribution substations
• The transmitted electric power is stepped down in primary
distribution substations.
• The stepped down electric power is fed to the secondary
distribution transformer through primary distribution
feeders.
2. Feeder
• Feeder feeds power from one point to another without
being tapped from any intermediate point. The main
criterion for the design of feeder, its current carrying
capacity.
The main components of distribution system
3- Distribution transformers
• The secondary of the Distribution transformer is connected to
distributors. Different consumers are fed electric power by
means of the service main. These service mains are tapped
from different points of distributors.
4. Distributor
• Distributors have variable loading along the length due to
service connections tapping off at interval by individual
consumer. The main criterion for the design of distribution is
the "Voltage drop" which must kept within certain limits +/-
5%".
5. Service mains:
• Service mains are the conductors which connect the
consumer's terminals to the distributor.
 Electrical Power Distribution System
A: Radial/lateral Power Distribution System
The advantages

1. Its simplicity.
2. Low cost.
3. the protective relay simple

Disadvantages
1. Lack of protection of supply: When fault
occurs on any section of the feeder's
number of consumers will be without supply
for considerable period. "Single feeder"

2. The end of the distributor nearest to the

supply would be heavy loaded: Using The
radial system is normally used for rural
distribution.
Electrical Power Distribution System
B: Ring Electrical Power Distribution System

Advantages:
1. Less copper.
2. voltage drop: Reduce
the voltage drop
between the points to
which it is connected.
3. Continuity of supply:
More reliable in the
event of fault on any
one.
 INSTALLATIONS: Basics
General Specifications

1. Any person carrying out electrical work must be competent, trained

and skilled. Trainees or unskilled operatives must be appropriately
supervised
• Good deal with equipments
• Deenergize electric equipment before inspecting or repairing
• Using cords, cables, and electric tools that are in good repair
• Use appropriate protective equipment
2. Every item of equipment shall comply with the necessary standards
and provide a acceptable degree of safety.
 INSTALLATIONS: Basics
• Current – movement of electrical charge
• Resistance – opposition to current flow
• Voltage – measure of electrical force
• Conductors – substances with little resistance to
electricity (such as metals)
• Insulators – substances with high resistance to
electricity (such as wood, rubber, glass, &
bakelite)
• Grounding – a conductive connection to the earth
(which acts as a protective measure)
 INSTALLATIONS: Basics
• Connected Load: The nominal connected load
• Demand Load : The average connected load during
specific period
• Demand Factor < 1 : the ratio of the maximum
demand to the sum of connected load
• Utilization Factor : the ratio between the maximum
demand and the rated capacity
 INSTALLATIONS: Basics
Installations include any and all electrically operated
circuits, apparatus, and components.

INSTALLATIONS include many electrical tasks:

1. new electrical installations and their connection
to supply
2. existing installations and their maintenance and
modification
3. temporary wiring arrangements
4. testing and fault finding on circuits or equipment
5. switching operations
6. Inspections and monitoring.
 ‫‪INSTALLATIONS: Basics‬‬
‫‪Participants on electrical installation project :‬‬
‫المالك )‪1. Owner (Person or Company‬‬
‫‪The owner specifies the specifications and uses of the‬‬
‫‪project‬‬
‫مكتب االستشارات( ‪2. Electrical Consultant Engineer‬‬
‫الهندسية ‪ -‬لعمل التصميمات الهندسية و مواصفات‬
‫) التنقيذ‬
‫وفى أغلب المشاريع يكوف االستشارى هو المشرف على تنفيذ‬
‫المشروع‬
‫‪3. Contractor‬‬ ‫) المقاول‪-‬شركة المقاوالت المنقذة(‬
‫ىقوم بتنفيذ األعمال الواردة فى مخططات المشروع التى أعدها‬
 INSTALLATIONS: Basics
Responsibilities of contractor:
1- completely consider the electric safety rules during installation
2- all equipment must be standard according to the specified regulations
3- make the necessary tests using calibrated devices
4- provide all necessary equipment according to the specifications
5- remove any temporary installation at the end of the project
6- make all necessary Shop Drawings explaining all information about the installed
electrical equipment and accessories such as:
• Cable tray, pipes and number of cable in each pipe or tray
• Sockets specifications, sizes of switches, rate of circuit breakers and short circuit
currents
• Fire alarms circuits
• Location of all panels and the cable paths
7- prepare the final drawing for all works (As-Built ) to explain everything about the
review and maintenance of the electrical installations in the project

What are the responsibilities of electrical supervisory engineer?

 INSTALLATIONS: Basics

Cooperation between various specialization during Designing

electrical installation project

To specify the necessary area for main electrical room and

specify the proposed cable tray and pipes paths
 INSTALLATION Project
• There are three components to an electrical
installation project:
• 1. Design, Electrical Consultant
Engineer
• 2. Installation,
• 3. Inspection and Test.
Electrical Contractor
Electrical Consultant Engineer
 INSTALLATION Project
• 1-Design

• Any person who makes a decision on the

selection and connections of an electrical
accessory is a designer.
• The Designer should certificates that the
design work matches the wiring regulations
 INSTALLATION Project:
• 2- Installation

• The installer has the responsibility to ensure

that equipment is installed correctly and in
accordance with the specifications provided
by the designer and according to the wiring
regulations.
 INSTALLATION Project:
• 3- Inspection and Test

• The test procedures must be carried out both

during the work and upon the completion.
• At the end of the project, the inspector shoud
certificates that the inspection and test gave
been carried out in accordance with the wiring
regulations.
 INSTALLATIONS: Basics
Types of Drawings in any Project
• Design Drawing - by the consultant
• Shop Drawing – by the contractor and approved from
the consultant and the necessary organizations
• As Built Drawing – by the contractor and approved
from the consultant and the necessary organizations
Number of Drawings
• Lighting Layouts for each floor
• Power Layout for each floor
• Low Current layouts including
§ Telephone Layout § Internet Layout § TV Layout § Fire Alarm
Layout § Fire Fighting Layout § Surge Arrestor and Grounding Layout
 INSTALLATIONS: Basics
The main steps in the electrical power distribution
installation project.
Step 1: estimation of total electrical loads (considering
additional systems such as TV, Net, Firing, Calling,…) to
specify the size of the transformers, cables and necessary
additional areas to install the equipment.
Step 2: draw a single line diagram for load feeding, cable
trays, electrical facilities and specification of the main
electrical room.
Step 3: Design of the cross section areas of all conductors
and the distribution Panels.
Step 4: prepare the final drawing, coding and analysis.
INSTALLATIONS: a Shop Drawing
INSTALLATIONS: Basics