BASIC OOP

OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING

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 OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING: A
BRIEF REFRESHER
• Programming paradigm that aims to represent real-world objects more
closely
• Effectively the same as a structure
• Default access level of structures is public
• Default access level of classes is private
• Class – Blueprint/template for objects to be created in a program
• Object – Instance of a class that contains concrete data
• Member – Variable (noun) that describes the traits of a class
• Method – Function (verb) that describes the behaviors of a class
 PURPOSE OF OOP
• Modularity – Breaks large programs into discrete, components
• Reusability – Code components are self-contained, independent
• Readability – Represents real-world objects in a logical fashion
• Scalability – Can be easily modified without affecting other programs
• Security – Hides internal information and enforces constraints
 PYTHON CLASS VS C++ CLASS
(CLASS DEFINITION)

Python C++ (Modern)

#pragma once
class Student: //Includes
def __init__(self, name, grade):
class Student{
self.name = name public:
self.grade = grade Student(string n, double g){
name = n;
def __str__(self): grade = g;
message = f"Name: {self.name}\n" }
string toString(void){
message += f"Grade: {self.grade}" string message = "Name: " + name + "\n“ + "Grade: " +
return message to_string(grade);
return message;
}
private:
string name;
double grade;
};
 PYTHON CLASS VS C++ CLASS
(OBJECT DECLARATION)

Python C++
from ClassDemo import Student #include <iostream>
#include "Student.h"
newStudent = Student("Jack Reynolds",
89.2) using namespace std;
print(newStudent)
int main(){
Student newStudent("Jack Reynolds",
89.2);
cout<< newStudent.toString();
return 0;
}
 THE OLD C++ PROJECT
STRUCTURE

Class Interface File Class Implementation File

• Header file (.h) • C++ code file (.cpp)
• Serves as class declaration • Contains most or even all method
• Contains declaration of all definitions
members and methods • Each method referenced as follows
• May contain simple method • type class::method(params){}
definitions • Must include .h file
• Members and methods grouped
into private, public, or protected
 WHY SEPARATE THEM?
• Artifact of C (C++ does it because C did it)
• Pros
• Modularity
• Slight increased in compilation speed
• Cons
• Complex
• Tedious
• Lessens readability
• We will use the modern structure shown in slide 5 in this course
• You may use the old structure in your pojects if you wish
OOP PRINCIPLES (PART 1)

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 class B {
private:
int data;
A objA;
public:

COMPOSITION B(int a){

: objA(a) {
Establishes the “has a” relationship data = a;
Complex class has an object of a simple }
class }
Object of one class serves as member void display(){
variable for another cout << “Value of class B: " << data;
Nested class definitions are allowed but cout << “Value of class A in class B: " <<
not always recommended
objA.x;
}
}; //Code source: GeeksForGeeks
 class Student : private Person{
private:
char course [50];
int fee;
public:
void set_s(){
set_p();
INHERITANCE cout << "Enter the Course Name:";
Establishes an “is a” relationship cin >> course;
Child class is a derivation of its cout << "Enter the Course Fee:";
parent class cin >> fee;
C++ allows us to chose the level of }
access of inherited members and void display_s(){
methods
display_p();
cout<< "Course: " << course
<< "\nFee: " << fee << endl;
}
}; //Code source: GeeksForGeeks
 class Person{
private:
string name;
int age;
public:

ENCAPSULATION Person(string n, int a){

name = n;
Binds data together with the functions that
age = a;
manipulate it
}
Protects data from unwanted use/change,
hides implementation string getName(){
Ensures objects are in control of their own
return name;
state }
Access Specifiers int getAge(){
Private – Class methods and friend functions return age;
}
Public – Entire program
}; //Code Source: GeeksForGeeks
Protected – Class methods, friend functions,
and child classes
 ABSTRACTION AND
POLYMORPHISM
• Abstraction
• Hides internal implementation of certain code
• Presents an interface that is simple and easy to understand
• Polymorphism
• One object (variable, function, etc.), many forms
• Example: A parent class contains a function that performs one action, its
child class redefines said function to suit its needs

These will be covered in more detail in Part 2