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Respiratory System Overview.ppt

The document provides an overview of the respiratory system, detailing processes such as internal and external respiration, gas exchange, and the roles of various organs including the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. It explains the importance of the diaphragm in respiration and outlines the circulatory systems involved in transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide. Additionally, it covers conditions related to the respiratory system, such as pleurisy and airway obstruction.

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1 views

Respiratory System Overview.ppt

The document provides an overview of the respiratory system, detailing processes such as internal and external respiration, gas exchange, and the roles of various organs including the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. It explains the importance of the diaphragm in respiration and outlines the circulatory systems involved in transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide. Additionally, it covers conditions related to the respiratory system, such as pleurisy and airway obstruction.

Uploaded by

devanshmohan09
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Respiratory System

Internal Respiration

●Internal respiration is the process by


which the gases in the air that has already
been drawn into the lungs by external
respiration are exchanged with gases in the
blood/tissues so that carbon dioxide (CO2)
is removed from the blood and replaced with
oxygen (O2).
External Respiration

●External respiration concerns the process


by which external air is drawn into the body
in order to supply the body with oxygen gas,
and the (used) air is expelled from the lungs
in order to remove carbon dioxide from to
body
Cellular Respiration
●Internal
respiration is
important to cells
because without
oxygen, all body
functions would
cease due to a
lack of ATP
Main Function
●Gas Exchange

● To work closely
with the
cardiovascular
system to supply
the body with
oxygen and to
dispose of carbon
dioxide
Organs Include
1. Nose
2. Pharynx
3. Larynx
4. Trachea
5. Bronchi
● And their
smaller
branches
6. Lungs
● Containing
alveoli
(terminal sacs)
The Nose
●Externally visible
● Nostrils – External
Nares
● Internally – Nasal
Cavity
● Divided by nasal
septum
● Olfactory receptors in
the superior cavity in
the mucosa
Function of Nose
●Mucosa lining rests on thin walled veins that warm the air
●Mucous produced by the mucosa, moistens the air and traps bacteria
and other particulates
Pharynx
●13cm muscular
passageway
(Throat)
●Food and air
passage
● Nasopharynx-
Superior
● Oropharynx-
central
● Laryngopharynx-
Inferior
Pharynx
●Tonsils are located
in the pharynx
● Pharangeal or
Adenoids
(superior)
● Palatine
(oropharynx)
● Lingual (base of
tongue)
Epiglottis
●epiglottis guards the
entrance of the glottis
●normally pointed upward
during breathing with its
underside functioning as
part of the pharynx
●during swallowing
elevation of the hyoid bone
draws the larynx upward;
and prevents food from
going into the trachea;
instead directs it to the
esophagus
Larynx
●AKA Voice box, routes air,
role in speech
●Inferior to pharynx
●Eight rigid hyaline cartilage
● Largest is Thyroid
cartilage (Adam’s
Apple)
● Protrusion angel 90˚ in
males and 120˚ in
females
●Cartilage flap – Epiglottis
protects opening
Larynx

●Mucous Membrane
forms Vocal folds
(vocal cords)
● allow us to speak
●Glottis - Slit-like
passageway between
the vocal folds
Trachea
●Windpipe
●Goes to the 5th
Thoracic Vertebrae
●Reinforced with C-
shaped cartilage rings
to keep it open
anteriorly and allow
flexibility for food to
pass through the
esophagus posteriorly
Main Bronchi
●Division of the trachea
●Runs obliquely
●Ends at the hilus
(medial depression of
the lung)
● The right is wider and
shorter and more often
the site of inhaled
objects
Bronchioles
●Primary bronchi
subdivide into
smaller branches
●Bronchial Tree
● Secondary
Bronchi
● Tertiary Bronchi
● Then Bronchioles
Alveoli
●Small cavity or air sac
● Millions of clustered
alveoli look like
bunches of grapes
●Site of gas exchange
●Make up a bulk of the
lungs
● Also stroma which is
elastic
Diaphragm
●sheet of internal
muscle that extends
across the bottom of the
rib cage
●The diaphragm
separates the thoracic
cavity (heart, lungs &
ribs) from the abdominal
cavity and performs an
important function in
respiration.
Diaphragm

●Inspiration: During inhalation, the


diaphragm contracts, thus enlarging the
thoracic cavity (the external intercostal
muscles also participate in this
enlargement). This reduces intra-thoracic
pressure: In other words, enlarging the
cavity creates suction that draws air into the
lungs
Diaphragm

●Expiration: When the diaphragm relaxes,


air is exhaled by elastic recoil of the lung
and the tissues lining the thoracic cavity in
conjunction with the abdominal muscles
Gas Exchange
●Diffusion, the
spontaneous movement
of gases, without the
use of any energy or
effort by the body,
happens between the
gas in the alveoli and
the blood in the
capillaries in the lungs.
CO2 and O2
●The hemoglobin molecule is the primary
transporter of oxygen
●Oxygen from the air enters the blood, and carbon
dioxide from the body trades places with the
oxygen by leaving the blood and entering the
alveoli.
●Carbon dioxide is then exhaled out of the lungs.
●Oxygen must enter the blood and carbon dioxide
must leave the blood at a regular rate for our body
to function correctly.
Pulmonary Circulation

●The Pulmonary circulation is the portion of


the cardiovascular system which transports
oxygen-depleted blood away from the heart,
to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood
back to the heart.
Systemic Circulation

●Systemic circulation is the portion of the


cardiovascular system which transports
oxygenated blood away from the heart, to
the rest of the body, and returns oxygen-
depleted blood back to the heart.
●Carbon Dioxide is picked up along the way
and is also carried back to the heart to be
exhaled through the lungs.
Bone Structures
●Conchae- Increase
surface area of mucosa
and create turbulance
●Palate- Separates
from oral cavity
● Hard palate (bone ) is
anterior
● Soft palate(tissue) is
posterior
Cleft Palate
●Genetic Defect
●Bones do not
fuse medially
●Causes
Problems:
● Breathing
● Chewing
● Speaking
Paranasal Sinuses
●Surround the
nasal cavity
●Located in
Bones:
● Frontal
● Sphenoid
● Ethmoid
● Maxillary
Function of Sinuses

●Lighten the skull


●Resonance for
speech
●Produce mucous
●Nasolacrimal
ducts
● Drain tears from
eyes
Rhinitis, Sinusitis, Sinus Headache

●Inflammation of the
nasal mucosa
● Virus
● Allergens
●Mucosa is
continuous so that
these infections
often spread
Lungs
●Occupy entire thoracic
cavity (except
mediastinum where the
heart is)
●Narrow superior portion
(apex) is deep to clavicle
●Broad base rests on the
diaphragm
●Left lung = 2 lobes
●Right lung = 3 lobes
Lungs
●Surface covering is
visceral serosa called
Pulmonary Pleura
●Walls of the cavity are
covered with parietal
pleura
●Pleural fluid reduces
friction during breathing
movements
Pleurisy
●Inflammation of the
pleura due to
decreased secretion
of pleural fluid
●Pain with each
breath
●Excess fluid may
hinder breathing
Respiratory Membrane
●Thin squamous
epithelial cells
●Alveolar pores
connect sacs
●External surfaces
have a “cobweb” of
capillaries
●Respiratory
Membrane is the Air /
Blood barrier
Airway Obstruction
●Heimlich Maneuver
● Physical Procedure
where someone
assists in dislodging a
blockage
●Tracheostomy
● Surgical Procedure
cuts a new opening

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