Scribd
Upload
4 views7 pages

Thermo Chemistry

Thermochemistry studies the heat energy changes in chemical reactions, governed by the laws of conservation of energy and Hess's law. It distinguishes between endothermic and exothermic reactions based on heat absorption or release, and factors affecting enthalpy changes include physical state, concentration, temperature, and pressure. Additionally, the document covers reaction rates, collision theory, and the concept of chemical equilibrium, emphasizing the importance of Gibbs free energy in determining reaction spontaneity.

Uploaded by

yahayagarba777
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
4 views7 pages

Thermo Chemistry

Thermochemistry studies the heat energy changes in chemical reactions, governed by the laws of conservation of energy and Hess's law. It distinguishes between endothermic and exothermic reactions based on heat absorption or release, and factors affecting enthalpy changes include physical state, concentration, temperature, and pressure. Additionally, the document covers reaction rates, collision theory, and the concept of chemical equilibrium, emphasizing the importance of Gibbs free energy in determining reaction spontaneity.

Uploaded by

yahayagarba777
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 7

THERMOCHEMISTRY: THERMODYNAMICS,

RATE OF REACTION AND EQUILIBRIUM

Reference: Essential Chemistry text book, New


School Chemistry, Dr. Shehu Habibu’s lecture
notes
THERMOCHEMISTRY
Thermochemistry is the study of heat energy involved in chemical
reactions and changes, particularly at a fundamental level.
LAWS OF THERMOCHEMISTRY
1. FIRST LAW: Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy cannot be created nor destroyed but in a chemical reaction,
but can be transformed from one form to another.
2. SECOND LAW: Hess’s Law
The total enthalpy change for a chemical reaction is the same, no
matter how many steps the reaction is carried out in.
Heat Change in Chemical Reaction
Enthalpy change are chemical reactions accompanied by heat
changes either by evolution or absorption of heat. Enthalpy can be defined as
the heat content in a substance and it is denoted by the symbol H while
enthalpy change is ΔH.
The formula for calculating enthalpy change is:
ΔH=H(product)-H(reactant)
ENDOTHERMIC AND EXOTHERMIC REACTION

ENDOTHERMIC REACTION
This is the chemical reaction or physical change that occurs when
heat is absorbed into the system. When the chemical reaction is
endothermic, the enthalpy change is said to be negative (ΔH=+ve).
EXOTHERMIC REACTION
This is the chemical process or a physical change that occurs when
heat is evolved from the system. When a chemical reaction is exothermic, the
enthalpy change is said to be negative (ΔH=-ve).
ENERGY LEVEL DIAGRAMS FOR ENDOTHERMIC AND EXOTHERMIC REACTION
E E
N ------------------
P N
E E
R R
G
R ------------
G
Y R Y
---------------------
---------------------------
P

REACTION PATH REACTION PATH

ENDOTHERMIC REACTION EXOTHERMIC REACTION


FACTORS AFFECTING ENTHALPY CHANGES
1. Physical state of reactant and products.
2. Quantity or concentration of reactants.
3. Temperature
4. Pressure (in terms of gaseous products and reactants).
Types of Enthalpy Change
5. Standard Heat of Formation (ΔHf) : This can be defined as the enthalpy change that
accompanies the formation of one mole of a substance from its element in their
standard state.
NOTE: when elements are in an un-combined state, the standard enthalpy change of
formation (ΔHf) is zero.
2. Standard Heat of Combustion(ΔHc): This can be defined as the heat released when one
mole of a substance is completely burn in oxygen.
3. Standard Heat of Neutralization: This when one mole of hydroxonium ion (H30-, acid)
reacts with one mole of hydroxide ion (OH-).
ENTROPY AND ENTROPY CHANGE
The entropy of a system is defined as the degree of randomness or disorderliness of
the system while entropy change is the measure of the degree of disorderliness or
randomness on the system.
GIBB’S FREE ENERGY

The enthalpy of a chemical substance is made of two components, the quantity(q) and the
portion available for doing work is called the Gibbs’s free energy where q is used in increasing the
entropy (s), of the system at an absolute temperature.
Hence, q=TS
H=G + q =G+TS
G= H –TS
ΔG= ΔH –TΔS
SPONTENEITY of Reactions using ΔG
For a reaction to be feasible or spontaneous, the Gibb’s free energy ΔG must be negative, i.e.,
there is a decrease in the free energy of the system.
Mathematically; ΔG=GP-GR
For a spontaneous reaction to occur;
GP<GR i.e.
ΔG<0=ΔH-TΔS<0 or
ΔH<TΔS.
RATE OF REACTION
Rate of reaction is the number of moles of reactants converted or products formed per unit of
time. The concentration of the reactants or products is expressed in mol/dm 3 or g/dm3

Reaction rate = Change in conc. of reactant or products/Time taken


Factors affecting Rate of Reaction

• Nature of reactions
• Concentration/pressure(for gases)
• Surface area of reactants(changes of the frequency of collision)
• Temperature of mixture(changes the energy content of the reactants)
• Presence of light
• Presence of catalyst(change the energy activity)
COLLISION THEORY
The collision theory assumes the reactant particles must collide for a chemical
reaction to occur. Effective collision only occurs between reactant particles which possess a
certain minimum amount of energy called activation energy
ACTIVATIOIN ENERGY
Activation energy is the minimum energy required for an effective collision to occur.
Examples
When 0.5g of calcium trioxocarbonate(IV) was added to excess dilute hydrochloric
acid, carbon(IV) oxide was evolved. The entire reaction took 5 minutes. What is the rate of
reaction
Solution
Rate of reaction=mass of reactant/time taken = 0.5g/5 min
CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM

This is defined as a state of reversible reaction when two opposing reactions occur at the same rate on the
concentration of the reactants and products do not change with time. That is,
rate of forward reaction=rate of backward reaction
Chemical reaction is a dynamic one and for a chemical system or reaction to reach an equilibrium, the following
conditions must be met:
1. It must be involved in a reversible chemical process no matter how small the reversibility is.
2. The rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the backward reaction
3. The system must be closed.
Reversible Reaction
Reversible reaction is a reaction which van go in the forward and backward direction. Thus A and B may
react to form C and D which may react together to form A and B. Example
2NO2(g) N2O4(g)
H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g)
LAW OF MASS ACTION
It states that the rate of chemical reaction is proportional to the active Masses of the reactants. Mathematically;
Rate of reaction α[A][B] =K[A][B]
EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT
The equilibrium constant is a constant at a given temperature, i.e. it is temperature dependent and it is denoted as
K.
According to law of Mass Action
Lets consider this : A + B C+D
Where[A], [B], [C], and [D] represent molar concentrations at equilibrium and a, b, c, and are numerical coefficients
Rate of forward reaction α[A][B] =K1[A][B]
Rate of backward reaction α[A][B] =K2[A][B]
Rate of forward reaction = rate if backward reaction
K2[A][B] =K2[A][B] Therefore;

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy