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Lecture 1

The document provides an overview of satellite communications, defining satellites and their components, including active and passive types. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of satellite communications compared to terrestrial systems, as well as the historical development of satellite technology from the 1940s to the 1990s. Additionally, it outlines the regions of space relevant to satellite operations and how satellites function in communication systems.

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Jakaria Khan Sakib
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6 views

Lecture 1

The document provides an overview of satellite communications, defining satellites and their components, including active and passive types. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of satellite communications compared to terrestrial systems, as well as the historical development of satellite technology from the 1940s to the 1990s. Additionally, it outlines the regions of space relevant to satellite operations and how satellites function in communication systems.

Uploaded by

Jakaria Khan Sakib
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Satellite Communications

Introduction and Historical Background


What is a Satellite?
 Satellite: In astronomical terms, a
satellite is a celestial body that orbits
around a planet.

Example: The moon is a satellite of
Earth.
 In aerospace terms, a satellite is a
space vehicle launched by humans
and orbits around Earth or another
celestial body.
What is a Satellite?
(Contd.)
 Communications Satellite: It is a
microwave repeater in the sky that consists
of a diverse combination of one or more
components including transmitter, receiver,
amplifier, regenerator, filter onboard
computer, multiplexer, demultiplexer,
antenna, waveguide etc.
 A satellite radio repeater is also called
transponder. This is usually a combination
of transmitter and receiver.
What is a satellite system?
 A satellite system consists of
one or more satellites, a ground-
based station to control the
operation of the system, and a
user network earth stations that
provides the interface facilities for
the transmission and reception of
terrestrial communications traffic.
How a satellite works?
 A satellite stays in orbit because the
gravitational pull of the earth is balanced
by the centripetal force of the revolving
satellite.
 One Earth station transmits the signals to the
satellite at Up link frequency. Up link
frequency is the frequency at which Earth
station is communicating with a satellite.
 The satellite transponder process the signal
and sends it to the second Earth station at
another frequency called downlink
frequency.
Advantages of Satellite
Communications over Terrestrial
Communications
 The coverage area greatly exceeds.
 Transmission cost of a satellite is
independent of the distance from the
center of the coverage area.
 Satellite-to-satellite communication is
very precise.

Higher bandwidths are available for use.
Disadvantages of Satellite
Communications

 Launching satellites into orbits is


costly.
 Satellite bandwidth is gradually
becoming used up.
 The propagation delay is larger.
Regions of Space
Space is defined as a place free from obstacles
It can be divided into three regions:

 Air Space -> region below 100 km from earth’s


surface

 Outer Space -> also called cosmic space and


ranges from 100 km up till 42, 000 km. It is mostly
used by communication satellites.

 Deep Space -> Regions beyond 42,000 km fall in


this category
Active and Passive
Satellites
Active satellites are used for linking and also for
processing the signals.
The linkage is known as bent pipe technology where
processing like frequency translation, power amplification
etc take place.
Active satellites employ ‘Regenerative Technology’
which consists of demodulation, processing, frequency
translation, switching and power amplification are carried
out. Block used for this purpose is called transponder.

 Passive satellites do-not have on-board processing


and are just used to link two stations through space.
Low cost - Loss of power – not useful for communication
applications.
Historical Overview

 1945  Theorist named Clarke studied that satellite orbiting in


equatorial orbit at radius of approx. 42,000 km would look as if
stationary if moving at a specific speed. 3 satellites at a space of
120 degree apart can cover the whole world. Evolution of the
concept of GEO
1950’s –Putting the pieces together:
􀂄1956 -Trans-Atlantic cable opened (about 12 telephone
channels per operator).
􀂄1957 First man-made satellite launched by former USSR
(Sputnik-1, LEO). It was used to identify atmospheric density
of various orbital layers. It provided data about radio signal
distribution in ionosphere (21 days). US launched EXPLORER
1 (5 months).
􀂄1958 First NASA satellite launched (SCORE). First voice
communication established via satellite (LEO, lasted 35
 1960’s –First satellite communications:
 􀂄1960 First passive communication satellite
(Large balloons, Echo I and II).
 􀂄1962: First active communication satellite
(Telstar I , MEO).
 􀂄1963: First satellite into geostationary (GEO)
orbit (Syncom1, communication failed).
 􀂄1964: International Telecomm. Satellite
Organization (INTELSAT) created.
 􀂄1965 First successful communications GEO
(Early Bird / INTELSAT 1).
 1970’s –GEO Applications
Development, DBS:
􀂄1972 First domestic satellite system
operational (Canada).
􀂄1975 First successful direct broadcast
experiment (USA-India).
􀂄1977 A plan for direct broadcast satellites
(DBS) assigned by the ITU
􀂄1979 International Mobile Satellite
Organization (Inmarsat) established.
 1980’s –GEO Applications Expanded,
Mobile:
􀂄1981 First reusable launch vehicle flight.
􀂄1982 International maritime communications
made operational.
􀂄1984 First direct-to-home broadcast system
operational (Japan).
􀂄1987 Successful trials of land-mobile
communications (Inmarsat).
􀂄1989-90 Global mobile communication service
extended to land mobile and aeronautical use
(Inmarsat)
 1990+’s NGSO applications development and GEO
expansion
1990-95:
􀂄Proposals of non-geostationary (NGSO) systems for mobile
communications.
􀂄Continuing growth of VSATs around the world.
􀂄Spectrum allocation for non-GEO systems.
􀂄Continuing growth of DBS. DirectTV created.
1997:
􀂄Launch of first batch of LEO for hand-held terminals (Iridium).
􀂄Voice-service portables and paging-service pocket size mobile
terminals launched (Inmarsat).
1998-2000:
Mobile LEO systems initiate service and fail afterwards
(Iridium,Globalstar).
Motivation to use the Sky
KEPLER’S LAW

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