PUMPS BASICS

PUMPS BASICS
Features
Flanges Robust deep groove
drilling as per ANSI B 16.5 #125 ball bearings
Optional : DIN 2533 as an option high operating reliability.
Grease packed for lifetime
Reduced operating cost
with optimized performance
High interchangeability
and max. efficiencies
lower inventory
& fast delivery

Versatile shaft seal

arrangement
with optimized performance
and max. efficiencies Environment friendly
Lower noise & vibration level

Quality castings
Process type design
Computerised strength analysis
results in minimum downtime
ensures safety & ruggedness
A collection chamber in the casing converts much of the
Kinetic Energy (energy due to velocity) into Head or
Pressure.
 A machine for moving
fluid by accelerating the
fluid RADIALLY outward

Centrifugal Pumps
RADIAL DIRECTION To the
Outside of a Circle
Hydraulic Institute Standards

American National Institute Standards for

Chemical Pumps PUMP STANDARDS
B73.1 for Horizontal type.

B73.2 for Vertical Inline

API 610 for centrifugal Pumps

API 674 for Reciprocating Pumps

API 675 for Controlled Volume Pumps

API 676 for Rotary Positive Displacement Pumps

ISO aimed at the medium duty single stage pumps

( Metric)

DIN. West German standard

VDMA West German standard for pump seals.

BI Standards
 PUMPS - General

Pump : An equipment used to move a liquid from one

point to another, by adding energy it.

Different Types of Pumps : 1. Centrifugal 2. Reciprocating

3. Rotary

Principles of Working
a) Centrifugal Pump : Centrifugal force is produced by
rotating vanes or impeller. Liquid entering the centre of
the impeller is picked up by the vanes accelerated to a
high velocity and thrown out by centrifugal force in the
volute and from there to the discharge at a higher
pressure.

b) Reciprocating Pump : The reciprocating movement of a

piston or plunger in a cylinder displaces the liquid from
suction to discharge.

c) Rotary Pump : A rotator displaces liquid from suction to

discharge by a circular motion.
Difference between Centrifugal and Positive
Displacement Pump :

Rotary and reciprocating pumps are called

positive displacement pumps because they
positively displace a volume of liquid with every
stroke or revolution.

Centrifugal pumps are not positive displacement

pumps. They only impart centrifugal force to the
liquid.

Most Widely Used Pumps are Centrifugal Pumps,

the reasons being :

(1) Simple in design and construction, (2) Cheaper

than the other types. (3) Have a wide range of
pressures and flows (4) Need very little attention.
(5) Easy for maintenance. (6) Easily adaptable to
different types of drivers.
Data Required for Selection of Pumps
1. Type of Operation – Continuous
/ Intermittent

2. Commercial Name of the Liquid

3. Liquid Characteristics: Temperature,
Specific Gravity, Viscosity, Vapour
Pressure, pH Value, Size and Percentage
of Solids when present, Nature of Solids.
4. Flow rate – Capacity. Continuous
/ Maximum / Minimum
5. Suction Conditions – Negative / Flooded
6. Suction Pressure
7. NPSH (Available)
8. Discharge Pressure
Data Required for Selection of Pumps (Contd..)

9. Differential Pressure

10. Preferred Speed

11. Preferred Material of Construction Based on

Experience if any

12. Shaft Sealing – Gland Packing / Mech. Seal.

13. Accessories required: Motor / Turbine / Engine,

Base-frame,Coupling & Guard, Suction Strainer,
Companion Flanges etc.

14. Inspection Standards and QCP

 Data Required for Selection of Pumps & their Importance on Selection

DATAS DECIDING FACTORS

Flow Rate (Max. / Decides Pump Size and Type – End Suction / Horizontal Split
Rated / Min) Casing, by-pass flow, NPSHR and Power Consumption.

Suction Pressure Decides Types of Shaft Sealing (GP / Mech. Seal), Material of
Construction.
Discharge & Decides No. of Stages (Single / Multistage), Speed, Material of
Differential Press Construction.
Total End Pressure Maximum Suction Pressure + Shut Off Pressure. Decides No. of
Stages and M.O.C.
Temperature and Decides type of Cooling, Material of Construction, Change in pH,
Change in sp. gravity, Vapour Pressure, Viscosity, Change in Head and
Temperature Capacity, Power Consumption, and NPSHA Type of Mounting
Supports (Bottom / Central) for Pump and Type of Base Frame.

Viscosity Decides Pump Type, Affects Flow, Head, Efficiency, NPSHR, Power
Consumption.
 Data Required for Selection of Pumps & their Importance on Selection

DATAS DECIDING FACTORS

PH Decides M.O.C. of Pump
NPSHA Decides Pump Type (Horizontal / Vertical), Speed.
Presence of Solids Decides Type of Impellers and Pump Type.

Presence of Abrasive Particle Decides M.O.C.

Speed Decides Pump Size, Price.
Erosion and Corrosion Decides Pump Size and M.O.C.

Shaft Sealing Decides Gland Packing / Mech. Seal.

Duty Rating Continuous / Frequent / Intermittent Decides Bearing
Type, by-pass flow etc.
Specific Gravity Power Consumption, Suction Lift.
Total Dynamic Head
TDH
Hd2
Frictional
Delivery
Head
Hd
Dynamic
Delivery
Hd1
Head
Static
Delivery
Head
H
TDH

Hs1
Static
Suction
Hs
Head
Dynamic
Suction
Head
Hs2
Frictional
Suction
Head

Total Dynamic Head = Dynamic Delivery Head + Dynamic Suction Head

H = Hd + Hs = (Hd1 + Hd2) + (Hs1 + Hs2)
 LAWS OF AFFINITIES

I.AT CONSTANT SPEED “N” (RPM)

Q (Capacity) is directly proportional to D (Diameter)
H (Head) is directly proportional to D2
P (Power) is directly proportional to D3 (Q x H)

II.AT FIXED IMPELLER DIAMETER “D”

Q (Capacity) is directly proportional to N (Speed)
H (Head) is directly proportional to N2
P (Power) is directly proportional to N3 (Q x H)
LAWS OF AFFINITIES

III. SPECIFIC SPEED ‘NS’

N Q
NS = --------------
H¾

IV. SUCTION SPECIFIC SPEED ‘NSS’

N Q
NSS = ---------------
(NPSHR)¾

Q, H & NPSHR at best  with full Impeller

diameter.
N pump speed in RPM.
Major Categories of Failure

• System Induced Failures

• Pump Design Induced Failures

• Materials Failure

• Manufacturing Deficiencies

• Installation Induced Failures

• Maintenance Deficiencies

• Failure of Auxiliary Components

• Faulty Operation of Equipments

• Spurious Spares Induced Failures

• Electrical Power Supply Induced Failures

PUMP FAILURES

Wrong Selection 8%

Faulty Installation
& Improper Commissioning 35%

System Variants 20%

Improper Maintenance 20%

Accessories Failures 9%

Poor Workman Ship 3%

Electrical Faults 5%
Specific speed - Graphical representation (Impellers)

For lower specific speeds - rotary or reciprocating positive displacement pump ( piston pump) are
preferred
Impeller design variations
Impeller design variations
 Centrifugal Impellers

Impeller
Vanes

Thickness
of the impeller
Diameter of
the Impeller
Thicker the Impeller- More Water
Larger the DIAMETER - More Pressure
Increase the Speed - More Water and Pressure
 Two Impeller in Series

Direction of Flow

Twice the pressure

Same amount of water
Multiple Impellers in Series

Placing impellers in series increases the amount of

head produced
The head produced = # of impellers x head of one
impeller
SPECIFIC SPEEDS
TYPE OF FLOW
 Pump Selection Guide
Optimum Capital and
Operating Costs
Head Price
Variation in Suction Power Services
Probable Maintenance
Head Range Condition Requirement Efficiency Required
Requirement

Test Liquid Services Required

Requirement Temperature

REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION TENDER Examine

Seals Seals Speed

Number of Pumps Flange Details

Materials and Special Shape of Details of Adequacy for Pump Suitability

Surroundings Fixings Performance Curve Construction Alteration of Duties of Detail Design
Capacity Details of
Prime Mover Prime Mover Suitability
(Power Factor, Speed, Type)

Overall Manufacturers
Suitability Service Organisation

INSTALL & WORKS PLACE SELECT BY

COMMISSION TEST ORDER COMPARISON

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