Module 1 - Part 1

Review of 1301/1321
Common data types
• byte, short, int, long, double, float, char,
• C#: bool, string / String
• Java: boolean, String
To declare a variable
<type> <name>;
Example:
int myNum;

You can also initialize it when you declare it:

int myNum = 42;
double taxRate=.07;
float interestRate=.065f;
C# Console I/O
Console.Write(X);
Console.WriteLine(X);
string A = Console.ReadLine();

ReadLine() returns a string, so if you want to get something else from the user
(and int for example), you have to convert it.

int myNum = Int32.Parse(Console.ReadLine());

This takes in input from the user (as a string) and then passes this string to the
Parse method of the Int32 class; this Parse method returns an int, so this is a
valid assignment since now the left and the right side of the assignment (=)
operator are of the same type.

You may also like: Double.Parse(), Boolean.Parse(),

Char.Parse(), or Convert.ToDouble()...
Java Console I/O
System.out.print(x);
System.out.println(x);
Scanner scan = new Scanner (System.in);
String word=scan.nextLine();
int num=scan.nextInt();

Recall that with using scanner, if you mix the use of nextLine() and
nextInt(), etc., you may have to flush the stream.
Java Converting type
• When you read from the console, typically you’ll use:

String word=scan.nextLine();

• If you wish to convert that string to an int you’d use:

int num=Integer.parseInt(word);

• Likewise if you are trying to get a double…

double num=Double.parseDouble(word);

• Or perhaps…
word.toChar()
Boolean.parseBoolean(word)
Data validity
• You should generally assume the user is going to give
you bad input.
• If you prompt them for a number, what if they enter a
character, string or nothing at all?
• You should think about this while writing code, and
begin to code around it.
• Later in the class we’ll explain how exception handling
works, but for now you can use if statements.
C# User interaction

Console.Write("What is your name? ");

string name = Console.ReadLine();
Console.WriteLine("Hello " + name);

Notice in the above that the + operator acts as string

concatenation.
Java User interaction

System.out.print(“What is your name? “);

String name= scan.nextLine();
System.out.println(“Hello “+name);

• Notice in the above that the + operator acts as string

concatenation.
From now on…
• We’ll use generic PRINT() instead of:
• Console.WriteLine()
• System.out.println()
• We’ll use generic READ() instead of:
• Scanner scan = new Scanner (System.in); scan.nextLine();
• Console.ReadLine()
Accessing specific characters in a string
String example=”Test,1,2”;
• example.length() → 8 //There are 8 characters
• You can get a single character with example.charAt(0)
• The first character (T) is in position 0, the last (2) is in
example.length()-1
• example.toCharArray() //Produces an array of chars
• example.substring(2,5) → “st,”
• Note in Java it’s start position, end position.
• example.split(“,”) //returns an array of strings
[“Test”,”1”,”2”]
Accessing specific characters in a string
string example=”Test,1,2”;
• example.Length → 8 //There are 8 characters
• You can get a single character with example[0]
• The first character (T) is in position 0, the last (2) is in
example.Length-1
• example.ToCharArray() //Produces an array of chars
• example.Substring(2,3) → “st,”
• Note, in C# it’s start position, how many chars
• example.Split(‘,’) //returns an array of strings
[“Test”,”1”,”2”]
Java String Manipulation
String example=”Test,1,2”;
• example.toUpperCase() → “TEST,1,2”
• example.toLowerCase() → “test,1,2”
• example.trim() //Removes spaces at front and end
• example.equals(String) → Compare strings
• example.equalsIgnoreCase(String) → case insensitive
compare.
C# String Manipulation
String example=”Test,1,2”;
• example.ToUpper() → “TEST,1,2”
• example.ToLower() → “test,1,2”
• example.Trim() //Removes spaces at front and end
• example.Equals(String) → Compare strings
Conditionals – C# and Java
PRINT("How old are you? ");
int age = READ();

if (age < 18)

PRINT("You cannot drink or vote.");
else if (age < 21)
PRINT("You can vote but not drink.");
else
PRINT("You can vote and drink, but
don't vote shortly after
drinking!");
{ }
Notice in the previous examples that we don't have to use curly-
brackets to define the block in the if-else because we only want to
control one line of code

If you want to execute more than one statement, use { } to mark

the body of the if-else statement blocks.

You should generally add the {}s. It makes your code more clear.
Declaring Methods
You declare a method in Java and C# using the following pattern:

<return type> <name> (<parameter(s)>)

{
<body of method>
}
Method Returns
• The return type of a method indicates the type of value that
the method sends back to the calling location.
• The return statement has 2 purposes:
1) It halts execution within the method
2) And (optionally) returns a value
• A method that does not return a value has a void return
type
• A return statement specifies the value that will be returned
return expression;
• Its expression must conform to the return type
for loops - Java and C#
for(<initialize>; <conditional>; <post-activity>)
{
<body/work>
}

int sum = 0;
for (int i=0; i < 100; i += 2)
{
sum+= i;
}
PRINT ("The sum is "+sum);
do while loop
do {
<body/work>
} while (<conditional>);

int i = 10;
int total=0;
do {
total+=i;
i--;
} while (i > 0);
PRINT("Total" + total);
while loop
while (<conditional>)
{
<body/work>
}

int i = 0;
while (i != 0)
{
i -= 1;
}
PRINT("the result is "+i);
Method examples - A menu – Java/C#
void PrintMenu() {
PRINT("1. Display result");
PRINT("2. Add a number");
PRINT("3. Delete a number");
PRINT("4. QUIT");
}
Method examples 2 choice – Java and C#
int GetChoice() {
int choice;
do {
PRINT("Enter your choice (1-4) : ");
choice = READ();
} while ((choice < 1) || (choice > 4));
return choice;
}
Array Of Integers
int[] myIntArray;
myIntArray = new int[10];

or

int[] myIntArray = new int[10];

• Can't use until memory is allocated with new.

• In java the [] can be after myIntArray or after the type
(int).
Multi-Dimensional Array of Integers
int[][] myIntArray = new int[10][10];
• This produces a 2D array with 100 cells.
• You can think of it as an array of arrays.
• The first number represents the row
• The second number represents the column
• You access the last cell as:
myIntArray[9][9];
• You can have 3D, 4D arrays...
Multi-Dimensional Array of Integers
int[,] my2d = new int[3,4];
my2d[0,0]=1;
my2d[2,3]=5;
Console.WriteLine ("First Cell:
"+my2d[0,0]);

• You can have 3D, 4D arrays...just add more commas.

Arrays of Objects
Trophy[ ] troph;
troph = new Trophy[10];

or

Trophy [] troph = new Trophy[10];

• Each cell of the array holds a Trophy.

Array example
Trophy[] data_storage;
int sum = 0;
PRINT("How many trophies: ");
int trophie_count;
trophie_count = READ();
data_storage = new Trophy [trophie_count];
Traversing an array - C#

Use a for, while or do-while starting at index 0 and going

thru .Length-1

for (int i=0; i< data_storage.Length; i++)

{ do something }

foreach(Trophy t in data_storage)
{ do something as long as it doesn't add or
remove members of the array
}
Traversing an array – Java

Use a for, while or do-while starting at index 0 and going

thru .length-1

for (int i=0; i< data_storage.length; i++)

{ do something }

for (Trophy t : data_storage)

{ do something as long as it doesn't add or
remove members of the array
}
Array processing
• Common things you can do with an array:
• Search for an item in an array
• Finding the largest or smallest item in an array
• Finding a sum, product or average.
• Remember to initialize properly.
• If you are calculating a sum, initialize to 0
• If you are looking for the highest value, initialize to a low
value, or the first cell in the array
• If you are looking for the lowest value, initialize to a high
value, or the first cell in the array.
• Note the pattern in the next examples: we use a loop!
Array processing 2
int[] nums = new int[10];
…
float average = FindAverage(nums);
…
int min = FindMin(nums);
…
C# finding the min
private static int FindMin (int[] A) {
int temp = A[0];
for (int i = 1; i < A.Length; i++) {
if (temp > A[i])
temp = A[i];
}
return temp;
}
Note the parameters (in this case "nums") when you call a
method can be called something else in the method itself
(in this case "A"). Parameters match in position and type,
so the name doesn't matter.
Finding a sum and/or average

private static float FindAverage (int[] B)

{
int sum = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < B.length; i++)
{
sum += B[i];
}
return (float)sum / B.length;
}