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Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation

Newton discovered that it is gravity which plays the vital role of determining the motion of the planets. Gravitational field is always attractive while electric field is both attractive and repulsive. Black bodies emit electromagnetic radiations of all wavelengths and a black body will give off energy which includes almost the whole e.m spectrum.

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SyEd Mohammed Ifrahim
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95 views

Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation

Newton discovered that it is gravity which plays the vital role of determining the motion of the planets. Gravitational field is always attractive while electric field is both attractive and repulsive. Black bodies emit electromagnetic radiations of all wavelengths and a black body will give off energy which includes almost the whole e.m spectrum.

Uploaded by

SyEd Mohammed Ifrahim
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Newtons Universal Law of Gravitation

Isaac Newton discovered that it is gravity which plays the vital role of determining the motion of the planets - concept of action at a distance

Newtons Universal Law of Gravitation


Between every two objects there is an attractive force, the magnitude of which is directly proportional to the mass of each object and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the centers of the objects.

2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley

Newtons Universal Law of Gravitation


G=6.67 x 10-11 m3/(kg s2)

2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley

How does the acceleration of gravity depend on the mass of a falling object? It does not. All falling objects fall with the same acceleration (on a particular planet). Now see why F = ma and on Earth acceleration due to gravity denoted g so F=mg or g=F/m If mass of earth is M1 then Fg=GM2/d2

2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley

Similarity between electric and gravitational field


Both the force fields follow inverse square law Both the fields are radial from a point

Difference between the electric and gravitational field


Gravitational field is always attractive while electric field is both attractive and repulsive Electric field is much stronger than gravitational field

Black body radiation


Objective : To measure the stellar properties of the stars and classify them
Stars are very far away It is not possible send probes to them Electromagnetic radiations received from are analysed to determine their temperature, chemical properties, speed at which they are moving, age, size, etc. Brightness of the star is an important method to deduce some of their stellar properties Since brightness is difficult to measure, luminosity is used Luminosity is defined as the rate at which energy is radiated by an object in all direction Stars emit electromagnetic radiations of all wavelengths and a black body will give off energy which includes almost the whole of e.m spectrum.

Luminosity and Brightness


A hot star radiates more energy per second per metre surface area than a cooler star. The size of a star. If two stars have the same effective temperature but differ in size then the larger star has a greater surface area and as it radiates the same amount of energy per unit surface area per second as the smaller star its total power output or luminosity must be greater. The distance to the star. All the stars we see in the night sky are at vast distances from us but some are much closer relatively than others. For two stars of identical size and temperature, the closer one to us will appear brighter. An analogy is a row of street lights, the closer ones appear much brighter than those in the distance. Intervening matter. Contrary to common belief interstellar space is not a perfect vacuum. Dust and gas between stars can absorb and scatter starlight leading to a reduction in brightness and a reddening in colour.

Imagine a point source of light of luminosity that radiates equally in all directions. A hollow sphere centered on the point would have its entire interior surface illuminated. As the radius increases, the surface area will also increase, and the constant luminosity has more surface area to illuminate, leading to a decrease in observed brightness.

F is the flux density and r is the distance of the star The SI unit for luminous intensity is candela and therefore the SI unit of luminance is candela per square metre

Stephan-Boltzmann Law
The energy radiated by a blackbody radiator per second per unit area(luminosity) is proportional to the fourth power of the absolute temperature and is given by

L = T4 X surface area Where, = Stephan Boltzmann constant


A star is assumed to be a sphere and the surface area of a sphere is 4r2 to act like a black body radiator This law is a good approximation to determine the luminosity of a star

Wien's Law
Objective : To know the temperature of the star Stars emit radiations of a range of wavelengths as a spectrum Some wavelengths are of more intensity than others Stephan Boltzmann law states that as the temperature of a black body radiator rises, it emits more energy Intensity of radiation varies with temperature

Wien's Law tells us that objects of different temperature emit spectra that peak at different wavelengths. Hotter objects emit most of their radiation at shorter wavelengths; hence they will appear to be bluer . Cooler objects emit most of their radiation at longer wavelengths; hence they will appear to be redder.

maxT = 2.898 x 10-3mK 2.898 x 10-3mK is the Weins constant


A hotter stars has more mass and is more luminous than a cooler one.

Hertzsprung-Russell diagram

Main points of the diagram


Most stars (stable ones)fall along the diagonal line and is known as the main sequence

A star in the upper left corner of the diagram would be hot and bright. A star in the upper right corner of the diagram would be cool and bright. The Sun rests approximately in the middle of the diagram, and it is the star which we use for comparison. A star in the lower left corner of the diagram would be hot and dim. A star in the lower right corner of the diagram would be cold and dim.

Life cycle of a star Nuclear fusion takes place and due to difference in binding energies as the cloud of dust and gas are brought together due to gravity, the process releases energy if form of e.m radiations, star starts shining and the surface temperature determines the colour of the star Star is subjected to the outward pressure of the gases and the inward pull of the gravity The process goes on till there are no more material ( hydrogen) to be fused

Trigonometric Parallax
Measuring distances in our galaxy: Method used is trigonometric parallax, which depends on the apparent motion of nearby stars compared to more distant stars, using observations made six months apart.

Red shift and Hubbles law


Redshift happens when light seen coming from an object that is moving away is proportionally increased in wavelength, or shifted to the red end of the spectrum
Cosmological redshift is seen due to the expansion of the universe, and sufficiently distant light sources (generally more than a few million light years away) show redshift corresponding to the rate of increase of their distance from Earth. In 1929, Edwin Hubble announced that almost all galaxies appeared to be moving away from us. In fact, he found that the universe was expanding - with all of the galaxies moving away from each other. This phenomenon was observed as a redshift of a galaxy's spectrum. This redshift appeared to be larger for faint, presumably further, galaxies. Hence, the farther a galaxy, the faster it is receding from Earth. The velocity of a galaxy could be expressed mathematically as

v=Hxd
where v is the galaxy's radial outward velocity, d is the galaxy's distance from Earth, and H is the constant of proportionality called the Hubble constant.

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