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Lecture 5 - Routing Protocols

The document outlines the principles of networking with a focus on routing protocols, including static and dynamic routing. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of static routing, the functions of dynamic routing protocols, and how routing protocols are classified. Additionally, it covers routing metrics, administrative distance, and specific protocols like RIP, IGRP, and OSPF.

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Mohammed Alkhatib
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3 views

Lecture 5 - Routing Protocols

The document outlines the principles of networking with a focus on routing protocols, including static and dynamic routing. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of static routing, the functions of dynamic routing protocols, and how routing protocols are classified. Additionally, it covers routing metrics, administrative distance, and specific protocols like RIP, IGRP, and OSPF.

Uploaded by

Mohammed Alkhatib
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ITGN235

Principles of Networking

Routing Protocols
Objectives
 Advantages and disadvantages of Static
Routing
 Describe the role of dynamic routing
protocols and place these protocols in the
context of modern network design
 Identify several ways to classify routing
protocols
 Describe how metrics are used by routing
protocols and identify the metric types
used by dynamic routing protocols
 Determine the administrative distance of
a route and describe its importance in the
routing process
Introducing Routing
 Routing is the process that a router uses to forward
packets toward the destination network.
 A router makes decisions based upon the destination
IP address of a packet.
 In order to make the correct decisions, routers must
learn the direction to remote networks.

3
Configuring Static Routes by
Specifying Next-Hop Addresses

4
Static Routing

Advantages of static routing


 It can backup multiple
interfaces/networks on a router
 Easy to configure
 No extra resources are needed
 More secure
Disadvantages of static routing
 Network changes require manual
reconfiguration
 Does not scale well in large topologies
Routing Protocol

Router
Switch

Router Router

Router
Router
Switch What is
an optimal
route ?

6
Dynamic Routing Protocols
Function(s) of Dynamic Routing
Protocols
 Dynamically share information between
routers
 Automatically update routing table
when topology changes
 Determine best path to a destination
Dynamic Routing Protocols

The purpose of a dynamic routing


protocol
 Discover remote networks
 Maintaining up-to-date routing
information
 Choosing the best path to destination
networks
 Ability to find a new best path if the
current path is no longer available
Classifying Routing Protocols

Dynamic routing protocols are grouped


according to characteristics
Examples include:
 RIP (Routing Information Protocol)
 IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)
 EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing
Protocol)
 OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)
 IS-IS (Intermediate System - Intermediate
System)
 BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)
Autonomous System is a group of
Classifying Routing Protocols

Types of routing protocols:


Interior Gateway Protocols (IGP)
 Used for routing inside an autonomous
system
 Used to route within the individual
networks themselves
 Examples: RIP, EIGRP, OSPF

Exterior Gateway Protocols (EGP)


 Used for routing between autonomous
systems
 Example: BGP
Classifying Routing Protocols
Classifying Routing Protocols

IGP: Comparison of Distance Vector &


Link State Routing Protocols

 Distance vector
 routes are advertised as vectors of distance
& direction
 incomplete view of network topology
 Generally, periodic updates

 Link state
 complete view of network topology is
created
 updates are not periodic
Classifying Routing Protocols

 Classful
routing
protocols
Do NOT send subnet
mask in routing updates
 Classless routing
protocols
Do send subnet mask in
routing updates
Routing Protocols Metrics
Metric
A value used by a routing protocol to
determine which routes are better than others
Routing Protocols Metrics

Metrics used in IP routing protocols


 Bandwidth
 Cost
 Delay
 Hop count
 Load
 Reliability
Routing Protocols Metrics

The Metric Field in the Routing Table


Metric used for each routing protocol
 RIP - hop count

 IGRP & EIGRP - Bandwidth (main, used


by default), Delay, Load, Reliability

 IS-IS & OSPF – Cost, Bandwidth (Cisco’s


implementation)
Routing Protocols Metrics
Administrative Distance of a Route
Purpose of a metric
It’s a calculated value used to determine the
best path to a destination
Purpose of Administrative Distance
It’s a numeric value that specifies the
preference of a particular route (the lower, the
better)
Administrative Distance of a Route

Identifying the Administrative Distance (AD) in


a routing table
 It is the first number in the brackets in the
routing table
Administrative Distance of a Route
Dynamic Routing Protocols
RIP Characteristics

21
Router Configuration
The router command starts a routing process.

The network command is required because it enables the


routing process to determine which interfaces participate
in the sending and receiving of routing updates.

An example of a routing configuration is:

GAD(config)#router rip
GAD(config-router)#network
172.16.0.0

The network numbers are based on the network class


addresses, not subnet addresses or individual host 22
Problem: Routing Loops

Routing loops can occur when inconsistent routing tables are


not updated due to slow convergence in a changing network.
23
Problem: Counting to Infinity

24
Solution: Define a Maximum

25
IGRP
Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) is a
proprietary protocol developed by Cisco.

Some of the IGRP key design characteristics:


 It is a distance vector routing protocol.

 Routing updates are broadcast every 90

seconds.
 Bandwidth (default), load, delay and

reliability are used to create a composite

metric. 26
Configuring IGRP

27
Routing Metrics
Graphics

28
OSPF Term: Area

29
OSPF Term: Link Cost

30

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