Faculty of science and engineering

Department of pharmacy
Assignment on

Course title : Computer Application in Pharmaceutical Science

Course code : CSE - 111

Submitted to : Submitted by :
Z.M Tarek Shahriar Saurab Hossain
Lecturer Department of CSE Id: 0272210011091007
City University Department of Pharmacy
14th Batch

Date of submission:
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Part 1, Hardware
1. (A) Hardware represents the physical and tangible components of a computer
i.e. the components that can be seen and touched.

Examples of Hardware are following:

 Input devices -- keyboard, mouse etc.

 Output devices -- printer, monitor etc.
 Secondary storage devices -- Hard disk, CD, DVD etc.

 Internal components -- CPU, motherboard, RAM etc.

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Relationship between Hardware and Software

 Hardware and software are mutually dependent on each other. Both of them
must work together to make a computer produce a useful output.

 Software cannot be utilized without supporting hardware.

 Hardware without set of programs to operate upon cannot be utilized and is

useless.

 To get a particular job done on the computer, relevant software should be

loaded into the hardware

 Hardware is a one-time expense.

 Software development is very expensive and is a continuing expense.

 Different software applications can be loaded on a hardware to run different

jobs.

 A software acts as an interface between the user and the hardware.

 If hardware is the 'heart' of a computer system, then software is its 'soul'.

Both are complimentary to each other

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Peripheral Device:
A peripheral device, also sometimes called an auxiliary device, is any connected
device (internal or external) that provides a computer with additional
functionality.

Peripheral devices fall into three main categories:

Input devices, which send data to the computer.

Output devices, which receive data from the computer.
Input/output devices, such as storage devices.

10 Examples of Peripheral Devices:

 Mouse
 Keyboard
 Webcam
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 Keyboard
 Webcam
 Microphone
 Monitor
 Speakers
 Projector
 Printer
 USB Flash Drive
 External Hard Drive

3. Computer Case

A computer case, also known as a computer chassis, is the enclosure that

contains most of the components of a personal computer (usually excluding the
display, keyboard, and mouse). Cases are usually constructed
from steel (often SECC—steel, electrogalvanized, cold-rolled,
coil), aluminium and plastic. Other materials such as glass, wood, acrylic and
even Lego bricks have appeared in home-built cases.
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Keyboard

Keyboard is the most common and very popular input device which
helps in inputting data to the
computer. The layout of the keyboard is like that of traditional typewriter,
although there are some
additional keys provided for performing additional functions.
Keyboards are of two sizes 84 keys or 101/102 keys, but now keyboards with
104 keys or 108 keys are
also available for Windows and Internet.

Monitor

A computer monitor is an output

device that displays information in pictorial
or text form. A monitor usually comprises
a visual display, some circuitry, a casing, and
a power supply. The display device in
modern monitors is typically a thin film
transistor liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD)
with LED backlighting having replaced cold-
cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL)
backlighting.
Previous monitors used a cathode ray tube (CRT) and some Plasma (also called
Gas-Plasma) displays. Monitors are connected to the computer
via VGA, Digital Visual Interface (DVI), HDMI, Display Port, USB-C, low-
voltage differential signaling (LVDS) or other proprietary connectors and
signals.
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Mouse
Mouse is most popular pointing device. It is
a very famous cursor-control device having a
small palm size box with a round ball at its
base which senses the movement of mouse
and sends corresponding signals to CPU
when the mouse buttons are pressed.

Advantages
 Easy to use
 Not very expensive
 Moves the cursor faster than the arrow
keys of keyboard.

Scanner
Scanner is an input device which works
more like a photocopy machine. It is used
when some information is available on a
paper and it is to be transferred to the
hard disc of the computer for further
manipulation. Scanner captures images from
the source which are then converted into the
digital form that can be stored on the disc.
These images can be edited before they are
printed

Optical Drives

An optical drive is an internal or external

computer disk drive that uses laser beam
technology to read and write data. Optical
disk drives are associated with compact
discs, DVD and Blue-Ray technology.
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Speaker

A speaker is a term used to describe the

user who is giving vocal commands to
a software program.

A computer speaker is an output

hardware device that connects to a
computer to generate sound. The signal
used to produce the sound that comes
from a computer speaker is created by
the computer's sound card.

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 3. Power Supply
a device providing power to electronic
equipment and sometimes designated A, B,
or C according to its function of heating
vacuum tube cathodes, causing a flow of
electron current in plate circuits, or applying
a direct voltage in grid circuits

Motherboard
A motherboard is the main printed circuit
board (PCB) in a computer. The motherboard
is a computer's central communications
backbone connectivity point, through which
all components and external peripherals
connect.

CPU
The computer's central processing unit
(CPU) is the portion of a computer that
retrieves and executes instructions. The CPU
is essentially the brain of a CAD system. It
consists of an arithmetic and logic unit
(ALU), a control unit, and various registers.
The CPU is often simply referred to as the
processor.

External Cache Memory

An external cache is any cache memory that
is not built into a CPU chip. External cache
is designed to provide high speed data
storage and processing services to the
computer processor, its primary/native cache
and the main memory. External cache is also
known as secondary cache
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Internal Cache Memory
Internal cache memory, also called cache, supplementary
memory system that temporarily stores frequently used
instructions and data for quicker processing by the central
processing unit (CPU) of a computer.

Expansion Slot
An expansion slot is a socket on the
motherboard that is used to insert an
expansion card (or circuit board), which
provides additional features to a computer
such as video, sound, advanced graphics,
Ethernet or memory.

Hard Drive
A computer hard drive (or a hard disk or
HDD) is one kind of technology that stores
the operating system, applications, and data
files such a documents, pictures and music
that your computer uses. The rest of the
components in your computer work together
to show you the applications and files stored
on your hard drive.

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BUS
In computer architecture, a bus (shortened
form of the Latin omnibus, and historically
also called data highway or databus) is a
communication system that transfers data
between components inside a computer, or
between computers. This expression covers
all related hardware components (wire,
optical fiber, etc.)

RAM (Random Access Memory)

RAM stands for random-access memory,
but what does that mean? Your computer
RAM is essentially short term memory
where data is stored as the processor needs
it. This isn't to be confused with long-term
data that's stored on your hard drive, which
stays there even when your computer is
turned off.

ROM (Read Only Memory)

Read-only memory, or ROM, is a type of
computer storage containing non-volatile,
permanent data that, normally, can only be
read, not written to. ROM contains the
programming that allows a computer to
start up or regenerate each time it is turned
on

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4. GHz ( Gigahertz ) is the unit data CPU performance measured. The clock
speed measures the number of cycles your CPU executes per second. The more
GHz in the CPU the better it is. It will impact on gaming and etc… heavy task
works in your daily lives of a normal person.

It mean,
The clock speed measures the number of cycles your CPU executes per second,
measured in GHz (gigahertz)

There are 6 types of central processing units Single Core Cpu, Dual Core Cpu,
Quad Core Cpu, Hexa Core Cpu, Octa Core Cpu, and Deca Core Cpu. These are
the 6 types of central processing units that are being used in various devices like
desktops, laptops, and mobile phones.

There are five main hardware components in a computer system: Input,

Processing, Storage, Output and Communication devices. Are devices used for
entering data or instructions to the central processing unit. Are classifie
according to the method they use to enter data.

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5. Computers don’t understand words or numbers the way humans do. Modern
software allows the end user to ignore this, but at the lowest levels of your
computer, everything is represented by a binary electrical signal that registers in
one of two states: on or off. To make sense of complicated data, your computer
has to encode it in binary.

Binary is a base 2 number system. Base 2 means there are only two digits—1
and 0—which correspond to the on and off states your computer can
understand. You’re probably familiar with base 10—the decimal system.
Decimal makes use of ten digits that range from 0 to 9, and then wraps around
to form two-digit numbers, with each digit being worth ten times more than the
last (1, 10, 100, etc.). Binary is similar, with each digit being worth two times
more than the last.

Counting in Binary

In binary, the first digit is worth 1 in decimal. The second digit is worth 2, the
third worth 4, the fourth worth 8, and so on—doubling each time. Adding these
all up gives you the number in decimal.

So,

1111 (in binary) = 8 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 15 (in decimal)Accounting for 0, this

gives us 16 possible values for four binary bits.

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 Move to 8 bits, and you have 256 possible values. This takes up a lot more
space to represent, as four digits in decimal give us 10,000 possible values. It
may seem like we’re going through all this trouble of reinventing our counting
system just to make it clunker, but computers understand binary much better
than they understand decimal. Sure, binary takes up more space, but we’re held
back by the hardware. And for some things, like logic processing, binary is
better than decimal.

There’s another base system that’s also used in programming: hexadecimal.

Although computers don’t run on hexadecimal, programmers use it to
represent binary addresses in a human-readable format when writing code.
This is because two digits of hexadecimal can represent a whole byte, eight
digits in binary. Hexadecimal uses 0-9 like decimal, and also the letters A
through F to represent the additional six digits.

So Why Do Computers Use Binary?

The short answer: hardware and the laws of physics. Every number in your
computer is an electrical signal, and in the early days of computing, electrical
signals were much harder to measure and control very precisely. It made more
sense to only distinguish between an “on” state—represented by negative
charge—and an “off” state—represented by a positive charge.

For those unsure of why the “off” is represented by a positive charge, it’s
because electrons have a negative charge—more electrons mean more current
with a negative charge.
So, the early room-sized computers used binary to build their systems, and even
though they used much older, bulkier hardware, we’ve kept the same
fundamental principles. Modern computers use what’s known as a transistor to
perform calculations with binary. Here’s a diagram of what a field-effect
transistor (FET) looks like:

Essentially, it only allows current to flow from the source to the drain if there is a
current in the gate. This forms a binary switch. Manufacturers can build these
transistors incredibly small—all the way down to 5 nanometers, or about the size
of two strands of DNA. This is how modern CPUs operate, and even they can
suffer from problems differentiating between on and off states (though that’s
mostly due to their unreal molecular size, being subject to the weirdness of
quantum mechanics).
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6. Bit

A bit (short for binary digit) is the smallest unit of data in a computer. A bit has
a single binary value, either 0 or 1. Although computers usually provide
instructions that can test and manipulate bits, they generally are designed to
store data and execute instructions in bit multiples called bytes.

Byte
In most computer systems, a byte is a unit of data that is eight binary digits
long. A byte is the unit most computers use to represent a character such as a
letter, number or typographic symbol. Each byte can hold a string of bits that
need to be used in a larger unit for application purposes.

Kilobyte (KB)
A kilobyte (KB or Kbyte) is a unit of measurement for computer memory or
data storage used by mathematics and computer science professionals, along
with the general public, when referring to amounts of computer data using the
metric system. Originally, a byte was considered a collection of 8 bits, the
smallest number of bits that were able to express a number, letter or character
within binary. A kilobyte is approximately 1,000 bytes (specifically, 2 to the
10th power or, in decimal form, 1,024 bytes).

Megabyte (MB)
Megabyte (MB) is a data measurement unit applied to digital computer or
media storage. One MB equals one million (106 or 1,000,000) bytes. The
International System of Units (SI) defines the mega prefix as a 10 multiplier or
one million (1,000,000) bits. The binary mega prefix is 1,048,576 bits or 1,024
Kb. The SI and binary differential is approximately 4.86 percent.

Gigabyte (GB)
A gigabyte (GB or GByte) is a data measurement unit for digital computer or
media storage equal to one billion (1,000,000,000) bytes or one thousand
(1,000) megabytes (MB). The unit of measurement in storage capacity that
follows it is the terabyte (TB), which equals 1,000 GB.

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Kilobyte (KB)

A kilobyte (KB or Kbyte) is a unit of measurement for computer memory or

data storage used by mathematics and computer science professionals, along
with the general public, when referring to amounts of computer data using the
metric system. Originally, a byte was considered a collection of 8 bits, the
smallest number of bits that were able to express a number, letter or character
within binary. A kilobyte is approximately 1,000 bytes (specifically, 2 to the
10th power or, in decimal form, 1,024 bytes).

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Part 2, Storage

Research of the common data storage devices in the table is given below:

Storage Option Advantage Disadvantage

Internal Hard Drive External hard drive is External drives have the
portable and operates on a same data loss risks as
plug and play basis. We can internal drives. External hard
use it as a storage device for drives can get attacked by
any computer with a USB or viruses, worms, and malware
FireWire capability. software. They can also be
affected by sunlight, heat,
humidity, liquids, dust, and
magnetic fields.
USB memory keys or Manufacturing a USB drive A USB drives tends to be
“sticks” can be done at very low cost used in different computers.
since it can be easily scaled. If in case one of the
Comparing to most of the computers happens to be
external storage devices out malware infected, it could
there, USB drives are easily transfer them on to the
relatively inexpensive. drives since it is not malware
Depending on the storage free. This could result the
capacity the prices can vary. files unreadable making them
Hence, it is easily affordable useless.
to the people with low
budget.
CD-RW and DVD-RW You can run media directly Now a days DVD/CD’s is
from CD/DVD you can write not major requirement.
media. You can Boot the Handling of the CD's are
windows directly. You can difficult, after sometime they
re-writable media with help are not usable.
of Re-writable CD's.
External Hard Drives Affordability. The prices of They break. This is a very
external devices for storing important disadvantage –
your files have dropped and disks can break down, just
you can get a quality backup like the hard drive in your
drive with 1TB of storage for computer. In that case, you're
under 70 €. Also, once you no better off than with a
bought the disk, it's yours. broken computer. And it's
No need to pay a monthly fee sadly a lot more common
or maintenance. than you'd like it to be.

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 Storage Option Advantage Disadvantage
Clouds  High Speed – Quick data loss or theft.
Deployment  data leakage.
 Efficiency and Cost account or service
Reduction hijacking.
 Data Security  insecure interfaces and
 Scalability APIs.
 Collaboration.  denial of service attacks.
 Unlimited Storage
Capacity.
Other?

Part 3, Comparison

Comparison Criteria Chromebook Desktop

1 None 1-3 TB
Memory Storage
2 The Pixelbook Go, for instance, Screen resolution is typically
Display is set to a 'resolution' written as 1024 x 768 (or 1366
of 1536×864. The resolution x 768, 1920 x 1080)
slider then moves up and down Most computer monitors range
by percentage based on this as from 19 to 34 inches, measured
the center point diagonally from corner to
Chromebooks are available in corner.
these screen sizes: 11.6, 13.3,
14, 15.6 inches

3 Does not require a Requires a powerful

Processing Unit powerful processor processor and ram to
perform smoothly
4 Most Chromebooks have  Keyboard Devices
Input / Output Facilities an HDMI port, which is located  Pointing Devices
on the left-hand side of the  Composite Devices
computer. However, for those  Game controller
that do not have an HDMI port,  Visual Devices
only one extra step is necessary  Audio Input Devices
to connect the device to a
monitor, and that's an HDMI to
USB adapter or cable.

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Comparison Criteria Chromebook Desktop
5 Physically, a Chromebook Rectangle is a shape in
Shape and portability looks much like a Windows- computer.
powered notebook, with a
keyboard, a display, a front- Desktops are large and have a
facing camera for separate monitor. While it's
videoconferencing, and so on. possible to take a desktop from
But there are a few key place to place, it's cumbersome
differences: Chromebooks and not the choice for
typically include a dedicated portability. They are designed
search keyboard key, while to be used in a single location
Windows emphasizes the and not moved around much, if
Windows key. at all.

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