Platform

Technologies
(Introduction)
What is a Platform?
Hardware + Software + Networks = Platform
 In general, a computing platform is any pre-existing
hardware environment, a piece of software that is
designed to run within it, and any associated facilities
used with it.

 A platform is any base of technologies on which other

technologies or processes are built.
 Most services that the end users use will be build on top
of platforms.
Generations of
Computing
⬡ (1945–55) Vacuum Tubes
Punch cards and machine language programming
⬡ (1955–65) Transistors and Batch Systems
Mainframes (IBM 1401, IBM 7094), FORTRAN compiler
⬡ (1965–1980) ICs and Multiprogramming
IBM System/360, OS/360, multiprogramming, timesharing, MULTICS
⬡ (1980–Present) Personal Computers
IBM PC, DOS, Macintosh, Windows, Linux
⬡ (1990–Present) Mobile Computers
PDAs, Symbian OS, Blackberry OS, Smartphones, iOS, Android

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Transistors and Batch
Systems

d) 7094 does computing.

a) Programmers bring cards to 1401.
e) Operator carries output tape to
b) 1401 reads batch of jobs onto
1401.
tape.
f) 1401 prints output.
c) Operator carries input tape to
7094.
ICs and
Multiprogrammin
g

A multiprogramming
system with three jobs
in memory.

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Modern
computers
A modern computer consists of:
• One or more processors
• Main memory
• Disks
• Printers
• Various input/output devices
Managing all these components requires
a layer of software
• the operating system
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Hardware
Architecture
A set of disciplines that describes a computer system by
specifying its parts and their relations provides physical
environment.

Common Types:
• Commodity computing platforms
• Video game consoles
• RISC
• Midrange computers
• Mainframe computers
• Supercomputer
Operating Systems
• A collection of software that
manages computer hardware
resources and provides common
services for computer programs.
• The operating system is an
essential component of the system
software in a computer system.
• Application programs usually
require an operating system to
function.
• Examples?
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What is an Operating
System?
• The most important program that runs on your computer.
• It manages all other programs on the machine.
- Every PC has to have one to run other applications or
programs.
- It’s the first thing “loaded”.
• In simple terms, an operating system is a manager.
• It manages all the available resources on a computer, from the
CPU, to memory, to hard disk accesses.
What is an Operating
System?
• Major cost of general purpose computing is
software.
• An operating system is a program that acts an
intermediary between the user of a computer
and computer hardware.
• Operating systems simplify and manage the
complexity of running application programs
efficiently.
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The Operating System as an Extended
Machine

Operating systems turn the ugly hardware details into beautiful

abstractions for the use of other software.
Command Line Interface Graphical User
Interface
(CLI) (GUI)
The Operating System as a Resource
Manager

• Allow multiple programs to run at the same time

• Manage and protect memory, I/O devices, and
other resources
• Includes multiplexing (sharing) resources in two
different ways:
- In time
- In space
Operating System
Concepts
• Processes • Development in computing
• Address spaces (Memory) over time
• Files • Large memories
• Input/Output • Protection hardware
• Protection • Disks
• The shell • Virtual memory
Multithreaded and Multicore Chips

(a) A quad-core chip with a shared L2 cache.

(b) A quad-core chip with separate L2 caches.
Memory
Disks

Structure of a disk
I/O Devices
Buses
Types of Operating Systems
• Mainframe operating systems
• Server operating systems
• Multiprocessor operating systems
• Personal computer operating systems
• Handheld operating systems
• Embedded operating systems
• Sensor node operating systems
• Real-time operating systems
• Smart card operating systems
Evolution of IT infrastructure
• General-purpose mainframe and minicomputer era: 1959 to
present
1958: IBM first mainframes introduced
1965: less expensive DEC minicomputers introduced
• Personal computer era: 1981 to present
1981: Introduction of IBM PC
Proliferation in 80s, 90s resulted in growth of personal software
• Client/server era: 1983 to present
Desktop clients networked to servers, with processing work split between clients
and servers
Network may be two-tiered or multitiered (N-tiered)
Various types of servers (network, application, Web)
 Evolution of IT infrastructure
• Enterprise computing era:
1992 to present
• Move toward integrating
disparate networks, applications
using Internet standards and
enterprise applications
• Cloud and mobile
computing: 2000 to present
•Cloud computing: computing power
and software applications
supplied over the Internet or
other network
 Infrastructure Components
• IT Infrastructure has seven main
components:
1. Computer hardware platforms
2. Operating system platforms
3. Enterprise software applications
4. Data management and storage
5. Networking platforms
6. Internet platforms
7. Consulting system integration
services
Infrastructure Components
• Computer hardware platforms
• Client machines
•Desktop PCs, mobile devices, laptops
• Servers
•Blade servers: ultrathin computers stored in racks
• Mainframes:
•IBM mainframe equivalent to thousands of blade servers
•Top chip producers:
•Intel, AMD, ARM, IBM
• Top firms:
•IBM, HP, Dell, Lenovo 29
Infrastructure Components
• Operating system platforms
• Operating systems
•Server level: 65% run Unix or Linux; 35% run Windows
•Client level:
• 90% run Microsoft Windows (XP, 2000, CE, etc.)
• Mobile/multitouch (Android, iOS)
• Cloud computing (Google’s Chrome OS)

• Enterprise software applications

• Enterprise application providers: SAP and
Oracle
• Middleware providers: BEA
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Infrastructure Components
• Data management and storage
• Database software:
•IBM (DB2), Oracle, Microsoft (SQL Server), Sybase (Adaptive Server Enterprise),
MySQL
• Physical data storage:
•EMC Corp (large-scale systems), Seagate, Maxtor, Western Digital
• Storage area networks (SANs):
•Connect multiple storage devices on dedicated network

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Infrastructure
Components
• Networking/telecommunications platforms
• Telecommunication services
•Telecommunications/cable company charges for voice lines and Internet
access

•AT&T, Verizon
• Network operating systems:
•Windows Server, Linux, Unix
• Network hardware providers:
•Cisco, Alcatel-Lucent, Nortel, Juniper Networks

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Infrastructure Components
• Internet platforms
• Hardware, software, management services to support
company web sites, (including web-hosting services)
intranets, extranets
• Internet hardware server market:
• IBM, Dell, Oracle, HP
• Internet services:
•Amazon, Google
• Web development tools/suites:
•Microsoft (.NET) Oracle (Java), Adobe

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Infrastructure Components
• Consulting and system integration services
• Even large firms do not have resources for full range of
support for new, complex infrastructure
• Software integration:
• ensuring new infrastructure works with legacy systems
• Legacy systems:
•older TPS created for mainframes that would be too costly to replace or
redesign
• Accenture, IBM Global Services, EDS, Infosys, Wipro

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END OF PRESENTATION

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