CREATI

VE
NONFI
CTION
Analyzing Factual/
Nonfictional Elements
LEARNI 1 identify factual/nonfictional elements
such as plot, characters,

NG characterization, point of view, angle,

setting and atmosphere, symbols and

OBJECT symbolism, irony, figures of speech,

dialogue, scene, other elements, and

IVES devices; and

2 analyze factual/nonfictional elements

in the given texts.
GROUP
ACTIVI
TY
RECOGN
IZING
ESSENTI
AL
SETTI
NG
It is the surroundings and time in which events of a story take
place. Settings can include the era or period, date and time of
the day, geographical location, weather and natural
surroundings, immediate surroundings of a character, and
social conditions.

EXAMP
LE:
Living Room, Wake, Pre-funeral, Funeral
CHARAC
TERS
These are the individuals in the story. Characterization is the
process by which the writer reveals the personality of a
character in many ways such as speech, thoughts, the effect on
others, actions, and looks.

EXAMP
LE:Hope, Sallymar, Bong, Ursulita, etc.
Lilibeth,
 DIALOGU
E
These are the utterances that the characters say to each
other.

EXAMP
LE:
“Now we’ll never finish that conversation.”
 CHARAC
TERS
Also known as mood, it is the dominant emotion/feeling that
pervades a story. It is less physical and more symbolic,
associative, and suggestive than the setting, but often akin to
the setting.

EXAMP
LE:sorrowful, full of despair, and suffering can be the
Grieving,
possible atmospheres.
 POINT
OF VIEW
In a narrative, the point of view is the perspective from which a
story is told. There are three common types of point of view:

1. The first person point of view is used when the narrator of

the story is also a character in the story and tells it from her
point of view. The pronoun “we” or “I” is frequently used here.
 POINT
OF VIEW
In a narrative, the point of view is the perspective from which a
story is told. There are three common types of point of view:

2. The second person point of view tells a story as if the

story is happening to the reader himself. The pronoun “you” or
“yours” is commonly used.
 POINT
OF VIEW
In a narrative, the point of view is the perspective from which a
story is told. There are three common types of point of view:

3. The third-person point of view tells the story from an

outsider’s perspective. He or she is not a character in the story
and refers to the characters using the pronoun “he”, “she”, or
“they”.
POINT
OF VIEW
EXAMP
LE:
The point of view used is the third-person point of view. It is
told by an omniscient narrator and she can access the events
that have transpired even before the present event. The
storytelling is not limited to the perspective of one person as
she can tell the accounts of the different people.
 PLOT
The plot is a series of events and scenes that occur in a story.
The structure of the plot is the method or sequence in which
incidents in a narrative are organized/presented to the
audience/readers. Almost all plots follow the basic sequence
such as reflected in the Freytag’s Pyramid below.
PLOT
 PLOT
EXAMP
TheLE:
following events form the plot of The Coffin in the Living
Room.
EXPOSITION: The people in the life of Sallymar are introduced
and shows how they are coping with his death.
 PLOT
EXAMP
LE:ACTION: They are faced with the predicament of
RISING
having to deal with the death of someone very important in
their lives.

CLIMAX:They go to the funeral and struggle to let go of

Sallymar.
PLOT
EXAMP
LE:ACTION: The funeral is over and they wonder what
FALLING
they will now do with Sallymar gone from their lives.

RESOLUTION: His children will for the first time in their lives
celebrate father’s day without a father.
 SYMBOLS AND
SYMBOLISM
Symbols are concrete objects/images that stand for abstract
subjects. The objects and images have meanings of their own
but can be ascribed subjective connotations.

EXAMP
OneLE:
symbol that can be found in the story is the coffin. The
coffin can be a symbol of death, sorrow, misery, etc.
 CHARAC
TERS
Also known as mood, it is the dominant emotion/feeling that
pervades a story. It is less physical and more symbolic,
associative, and suggestive than the setting, but often akin to
the setting.

EXAMP
LE:sorrowful, full of despair, and suffering can be the
Grieving,
possible atmospheres.
FIGURE
S OF
SPEECH
 SIMILE
a figure of speech which involves a direct comparison
between two unlike things, usually using the words “like” or
“as”.

EXAMP
• LE:
Far in the distance, I saw the river gleamed as a flashing
sword of silver.
• The little stars, like little children, went first to bed.
 METAPH
OR
a figure of speech that compares two unlike things WITHOUT
using the words like or as and states the comparison as if it
were a fact.

EXAMP
• LE:
Hearty and hale was he, an oak that was covered in
snowflakes.
• Our friendship is a tree with deep roots
PERSONIFICA
TION
a figure of speech that appropriates human attributes and
qualities to an animal, an object, or an idea.

EXAMP
• LE:
The stars were asleep.
• Her heart was foolish.
 HYPERBOLE
an outrageous exaggeration that emphasizes a point and can
be ridiculous or funny.

EXAMP
• LE:
The tumult reached the stars.
• I had a dream so big and loud, I jumped so high I
touched the clouds.
 IRONY
a figure of speech in which one thing is said when the
opposite is meant.

EXAMP
• LE:
It was expected of a genius to get zero in a test.
• You’d actually be stunning if you wore rags to the prom.
 ALLUSION
a reference in a work of literature to another work of literature
or a well-known person, place, or event outside of literature.

EXAMP
• LE:
He has the patience of Job.
• I was meant to be a warrior, please make me a Hercules.
 APOSTROPHE
the act of addressing of usually absent people or a usually
personified thing rhetorically.

EXAMP
• LE:
Not yet Rizal, not yet. Sleep not in peace.
• Jesus, take the wheel!
 OXYMORON
a phrase containing a juxtaposition of two contradictory
terms.

EXAMP
• LE:
All my fragile strength is gone.
• In her solitude, she listened to the deafening silence.
 PARADOX
a statement that appears to be self-contradictory or silly, but
which may include a latent truth.

EXAMP
• LE:
A million dreams are keeping me awake.
• Everything that kills me makes me feel alive.
 METONYMY
the use of a word or a term to refer to or stand for another
object or idea.

EXAMP
• LE:
You know pink is this year’s black! (Black stands for the
new fashion trend.)
• “Let me give you a hand.” (Hand means help.)
 SYNECDOCH
E
a figure of speech in which a term for a part of something
refers to the whole of something or vice versa.

EXAMP
• LE:
Door clicks while his wheels start spinning on the
pavement. (Wheels are a part of a car. In the sentence,
wheels stand for car.)
 LITOTES
when an affirmative is conveyed by the negation of the
opposite, the effect is to suggest a strong expression
employing a weaker one.

EXAMP
• LE:
They are not unhappy with the presentation.
• This is not your ordinary, no ordinary love.
 EUPHEMISM
the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive expression for
one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant.

EXAMP
• LE:
After a decade long battle with the disease, he now finally
has met his maker. (To meet someone’s maker means to
die.)
ACTIVITY
Directions: Identify the figures of speech present in each
of the sentences below.

1. The ship is like a plough, plowing the sea.

2. I am the dream and the hope of the slave.
3. For forty-three times, a white president ruled the
United States.
4. The old teacher has the temper of Zeus.
5. O Death! Where is thy sting?
ACTIVITY
Directions: Identify the figures of speech present in each
of the sentences below.
6. Fifty sails entered the harbor.
7. “I can resist anything but temptation.”
8. Poignant memories are bittersweet.
9.What a brilliant remark that was. It made no sense.
10.Teresa Magbanua was branded as the Visayan Joan of
Arc