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Curves

The document discusses curves in communication lines, detailing horizontal and vertical curves that facilitate gradual changes in direction and grade. It categorizes curves into circular and parabolic types, with further classifications of circular curves into simple and compound curves. Additionally, it explains the elements, degree of curves, and methods for setting out simple circular curves, including calculations for offsets and ordinates.

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kaustuvmoninath
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23 views19 pages

Curves

The document discusses curves in communication lines, detailing horizontal and vertical curves that facilitate gradual changes in direction and grade. It categorizes curves into circular and parabolic types, with further classifications of circular curves into simple and compound curves. Additionally, it explains the elements, degree of curves, and methods for setting out simple circular curves, including calculations for offsets and ordinates.

Uploaded by

kaustuvmoninath
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CURVES

Curve: Curves are regular bends provided in the line of communication ( like roads,

railways, canals etc. ) to bring about the gradual change of direction.

Horizontal Curves: Curves provided in the horizontal plane to have the gradual
change in direction are known as Horizontal Curve.

Vertical Curves: Curves provided in the vertical plane at all changes of grade to
avoid the abrupt change and to have the gradual change in grade are known

as Vertical Curve.

Types of Curves: i) Circular curves - having arc of single radius.


ii) Parabolic curves - having arc of many radii.

Types of Circular Curves:


i) Simple curve consists of a single arc of a circle connecting two straights.

ii) Compound curve consists of two or more simple curves bending in the
TYPES OF CIRCULAR CURVES
( HORIZONTAL CURVES )

Simple Curve

Compound Curve

Reverse Curve Reverse Curve


( VERTICAL CURVES )

SUMMIT CURVES VALLEY CURVES


NOTATIONS OF SIMPLE CIRCULAR CURVE

AB, BC = centre lines of road (tangents)


B = intersection point or vertex
T₁ = tangent curve point (point of curve) B’
T₂ = curve tangent pt.(point of tangency)
O = centre of the circular arc
E = summit or apex (mid-point)of
the curve
D = mid-point of T₁ T₂
AB = first tangent or rear tangent
BC = 2nd. tangent or forward tangent
I = LABC, angle of intersection
φ = L B’BC = deflection angle
R = OT₁ = OT₂ radius of the arc
BT₁ = BT₂ tangent length
T₁ T₂ = long chord
T₁ E T₂ = length of the curve
B E = apex distance
DE = versed sine

LT₁ O T₂ = central angle = deflection angle = φ


ELEMENTS OF SIMPLE CIRCULAR CURVE

1. Tangent Length, BT₁ = BT₂ = R tanᶲ⁄₂

2. Length of Long chord, T₁ T₂ = 2R sinᶲ⁄₂

3. Length of Curve, T₁ E T₂ = (π R φ)/180°

4. Versine of the Curve, DE = R (1 – cos ᶲ⁄₂ )

• R = radius of the Curve in metre


• φ = deflection angle = central angle

From right angle triangle B T₁ O, BT₁ / T₁ O = tan ᶲ⁄₂ → BT₁ = R tanᶲ⁄₂


From right angle triangles T₁DO and T₂DO → T₁ D = T₂ D = R sinᶲ⁄₂ → T₁T₂ = 2R sinᶲ⁄₂
Length of curve, T₁ET₂ = Rφ (where φ in radians)
= (π R φ)/180° ( where φ in degrees)
Versine, DE = OE – OD = (R – R cosᶲ⁄₂) → R (1 – cosᶲ⁄₂ )
DEGREE OF THE CURVE

or, R = 15/Sinᴰ⁄₂ when D is small, sinᴰ⁄₂ may be considered as = ᴰ⁄₂ radians


So, R = 15 ÷ (D/2 x π/180) => (15 x 2 x 180)/(3.14 x D) => 1719.74/D
( As D is in degree, D/2 degrees = D/2 X π/180 radians )
Therefore, Radius of the Curve (in metres), R = 1720 / D
Example:
Example:
METHOD OF SETTING OUT SIMPLE CIRCULAR CURVE
(6) Chainage of T₂ = chainage of T₁ + Length of Curve.
SETTING OUT OF SIMPLE CIRCULAR CURVES

1. Ordinates from Long Chord Method:


Let, F – a point on the long chord at a distance of X
from D, mid-point of T₁ T₂.
O₀=DE, offset to the curve at mid-point of T₁T₂
Oᵪ=FG, offset to the curve at F, at a distance X from D
GG₁=FD and parallel. Join GO.
Now, O₀=OE – OD => O₀= R-OD
OD =√(OT₁² - DT₁²) = √[R² - (L/2)² ]

Therefore, O₀ = R - √[R² - (ᴸ/₂)²]


Example:
Calculate the ordinates from the long chord at 10m interval to set out a simple circular
curve of radius 200m. The length of the long chord is 80m.

4.04m

4.04 ?
4.04 ?
?
SETTING OUT 0F SIMPLE CIRCULAR CURVE BY THE METHOD OF OFFSETS FROM TANGENTS

a) Radial offsets from Tangents method :


From triangle OT₁D -> OT₁ = R T₁D = X DE = Oᵪ
OD² = R² + X²
Þ ( OE + DE)² = R² + X²
Þ OE + DE = √(R² + X² )
Þ DE = √(R² + X²) – OE
Radial offset, Oᵪ = √(R² + X²) – R

b) Perpendicular offsets from Tangents method:


From triangle OEE₁ -> OE₁² = OE² - EE₁²

Þ (OT₁ - T₁E₁)² = R² - X²

Þ R – Oᵪ = √(R² - X²)

Þ Oᵪ = R - √(R² - X²) (Perpendicular offset)


Example:
Calculate the Offsets at 20m interval along the tangents to locate a simple circular
curve of 400m radius.

a) By Radial Offsets: b) By Perpendicular Offsets:

c) By Approximate method
INSTRUMENTAL METHOD OF SETTING OUT SIMPLE CIRCULAR CURVE
Deflection Angles:

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