Computer System

Overview
Input Devices

• Keyboard.
• Mouse.
• Scanner.
• Light pen.
• Barcode Reader.
• Microphone.
• Touchscreen.
• Joystick.
Output Devices
• Monitors,
• Printers,
• Speakers,
• Headphones,
• Projectors,
• GPS devices,
• Optical mark readers and Braille readers.
CPU(Central Processing Unit)
• A central processing unit (CPU), also called
a central processor, main processor, or just
processor, is the most important
processor in a given computer.
Components of a computer
system
Functions of ALU and Control
unit
• The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) is a digital
circuit responsible for performing
arithmetic and logic operations on data,
while the Control Unit (CU) is responsible
for coordinating and regulating the
operation of the computer's other
components, including the ALU.
Primary Storage
• It is commonly used to store data or
information on which the computer is
presently working; therefore, we can call it
a temporary storage device. When the
systems are turned off, data and
information are lost. Types of primary
memory: RAM: Random Access Memory.
Secondary Storage
• Secondary memory refers to the more
permanent storage. Hard disks and flash
drives are examples of secondary memory.
Before instruction execution, a CPU
component called the control unit is
necessary for transferring data or
instructions from secondary memory into
main memory.
Basics of Computer
Organisation
Input Devices
• A piece of equipment/hardware which
helps us enter data into a computer is
called an input device. For example
keyboard, mouse, etc.
Output Devices
• A piece of equipment/hardware which
gives out the result of the entered input,
once it is processed (i.e. converts data
from machine language to a human-
understandable language), is called an
output device. For example printer,
monitor, etc.
Registers
• Registers are a type of computer memory
used to accept, store, and transfer data
and instructions used by the CPU right
away. Processor registers refer to the
registers used by the CPU. During the
execution of a program, registers are used
to store data temporarily.
Memory Unit
• A memory device refers to a device that
can store data. The quantity of data stored
in a unit of memory is called a memory
unit. Furthermore, we quantify its storage
capacity in bytes.
Main Memory
• What is the main memory of a computer?
• The main memory of a computer can also
be called as primary memory. It is also
known as Random Access Memory (RAM).
Contd…
• The main memory of a computer can also
be called as primary memory. it is also
known as random access memory that is
RAM . when computer is shut down all the
data in RAM is erased. primary memory is
computer memory that is accessed
directly by the CPU .
RAM(Random Access
Memory)
• The full form of RAM is random access
memory. It is a memory device that is
located on the motherboard of a
computer and is used as the area of
memory where the computer temporarily
stores its work. RAM is volatile, which
means that the contents of memory can
be erased when electricity is removed
from it.
Features of Static RAM

• Static random access memory has its importance as the

memory of choice for cache memory. Here are some of its
features.
• SRAM has a lower access time, around ten nanoseconds.
• It is much faster than DRAM as the memory cells do not
require to be continuously refreshed.
• However, it consumes more power since it uses a bi-stable
latch circuit, and requires a regular power source.
• It is costly and exists on the processors between the processor
and main memory.
• It is long-lasting.
• As a part of the computer RAM, SRAM is entirely necessary
but expensive.
DRAM
• DRAM computer RAM is useful to have as a cheaper memory
option. It usually serves as the main memory.
• DRAM has a much higher access time of around 50 nanoseconds.
• It is slower than SRAM because memory cells need to be
continuously refreshed.
• It consumes less power because the information is stored in one
capacitor.
• DRAM is less expensive than SRAM.
• One memory cell is made up of one transistor and one capacitor so
it occupies less space on the same-sized chip, providing you with
more memory than an SRAM of similar size.
• DRAM random access memory is the best cost-saving memory.
Types of ROM(READ ONLY MEMORY)
• ROM comes in various types, each with its unique
characteristics and applications. These include Programmable
ROM (PROM), Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM),
Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM (EEPROM), and Mask
ROM. Each type has specific features regarding programming,
erasing, and data retention(the practice of storing data for a
specific period of time).
PROM
• A programmable read-only memory (PROM) is a form of
digital memory where the contents can be changed once after
manufacture of the device. The data is then permanent and
cannot be changed.
EPROM
• An EPROM (rarely EROM), or erasable programmable read-
only memory, is a type of programmable read-only memory
(PROM) chip that retains its data when its power supply is
switched off. Computer memory that can retrieve stored data
after a power supply has been turned off and back on is called
non-volatile.
EEPROM
• EEPROM stands for Electrically Erasable Programmable Read
Only Memory. This type of ROM can be erased and
programmed with the help of an electric pulse.
Cache Memory
• To speed up the operations of the CPU, a very high speed
memory is placed between the CPU and the primary memory
known as cache . It stores the copies of the data from
frequently accessed primary memory locations , thus,
reducing the average time required to access data from
primary memory.
Contd...
• Secondary memory is where programs and data are kept on a
long-term basis. Common secondary storage devices are
the hard disk and optical disks. The hard disk has enormous
storage capacity compared to main memory. The hard disk is
usually contained inside the case of a computer.
Harddisk
Contd...
• A hard disk drive consists of a rigid disc made with non-
magnetic material, which is coated with a thin layer of
magnetic material. Data is stored by magnetizing this thin film.
The disk spins at a high speed and a magnetic head mounted
on a moving arm is used to read and write data.
Compact Disc
CD(Compact Disc)
• A compact disc is a portable storage medium that can record,
store and play back audio, video and other data in digital form.
Types of Compact Disk
There are three main types:
(i) CD-ROM –(Compact Disk –Read Only Memory)
This is used to store information and cannot be used to store
data.It is mainly used for CD distribution. For eg
Software,Games,e-books etc.

(ii)CD-R (Compact Disk Recordable) –It is mainly used for CD-R

and can be written on only once and disk can’t be erased.
Contd...
• (iii) CD-RW(Compact Disk Rewritable)
CD-RW is an erasable disk you can write on multiple times.
DVD
• The correct answer is Digital Versatile Disc. DVD, also known
as Digital Versatile Disc or Digital Video Disc, is an optical disc
storage media format. It was developed and invented in 1995
by Sony, Panasonic, and Samsung. Its main use is to store
video and data.
Types of DVD
• DVD media comes in several formats; including DVD+R
(recordable DVD), DVD+RW (re-writeable DVD), DVD-RAM
(random access memory) and DVD-ROM (read only memory).
Flash Memory
• A flash drive is a small,ultra-portable storage device with a
“Solid State” memory. For eg It has no moving parts inlike
magnetic storage devices,nor does it make use of lasers-unlike
optical drives.
• The key difference is that data is retained in flash memory
even the power is switched off.
• They are now fairly inexpensive,costing from 250 /-
• Typical sizes range from 256 Mbytes up to 128 GB and beyond.
 Blu Ray Disk
• Blu-ray Disc (also known as Blu-ray or BD) is an optical disc
storage media format.Its main uses are high –definition video
and data storage.
• The disc has the same dimensions as a standard DVD or CD.
• While current optical disc technologies such as DVD,DVD(add
or minus)R,DVD(add or minus) RW and DVD-RAM rely on a red
laser to read and write data,the new format uses a blue violet
laser instead,hence the name Blu-ray.
• This allows data to be packed more thighly and stored in less
space,so it’s possible to fit more data on the disc even though
it’s the same size as a CD/DVD.Blu Ray disks of today are
capable of storing upto 128 GB of data.
The System Bus
• The system bus (or the bus) is an electronic pathway
composed of connecting cables and that connects the major
components of a computer system.Though system bus,data
and instructions are passed among the computer system
components.
• The data carrying part of system bus is called data bus.
• The control instruction carrying part of system bus is called
control bus.
• The memory address carrying part of system bus is called
Address bus.
• A separate type of bus called I/O Bus connects the
Input,Output and other external devices to the system.
Mobile System Organization
• Some of the important parts of the mobile are -:
• Mobile Processor -> It means the brain of the mobile.
• Camera ISP -> the part which processes the images and
videos.
• Display Unit -> provides display & touch interface to us.
• Memory Unit -> storage unit of the mobile
• Power Management/Battery Management -> battery of the
mobile.
• External Storage -> also considered as expandable storage.
 Mobile Processor
• Mobile Processor
• The mobile processor is the CPU (Central Processing Unit) of
our mobile. It processes a million of command per second.
• It provides the backbone to our mobile phone, due to which,
the Operating system of our mobile works, and all the pre-
installed as well as installed application works, the
Processor receives the command, then processes it, and then
forms an output.
Contd…
• Also, it performs all the calculations as same as the CPU.
Without the processor, our mobile is unable to open and
perform its functions.
• Thus, the Processor is a very important device for our mobile.
It is mainly divided into three parts which are -:
• CPU — Communication Processing Unit
• APU — Application Processing Unit
• GPU — Graphical Processing Unit
 CPU
• CPU
• It is also known as DSP (Digital Signal Processor). because it
converts analog signals into digital signals.
• It stands for Communication Processing Unit, As the name
suggests that it is that part of the Mobile Processor which
helps us to make and receive calls.
• We could call each other because of this part of the processor.
• It is also divided into two parts, which are -:
• RSMU (Radio Signal Management Unit)
• Audio Subsystem
 APU and GPU
• APU
• APU stands for Application Processing Unit. As its name
suggest that it is part of the mobile processor which runs all
the applications (pre-installed and installed by the user).
• APU executes every application, which is on the mobile.
• GPU
• GPU is the second part of the Mobile Processor. It stands
for Graphical Processing Unit.
• It is that part of the mobile processor that processes our
mobile’s graphics and designs.
• The more the quality of the GPU, the more we will get high-
quality graphics.
 Camera ISP

• Now, in this section, we are going to read about the camera

ISP. Here, ISP stands for Image Signal Processing.
• It is that part of our mobile system which processes the
images and videos. All the images, and videos that are taken
from our camera, are part of this camera ISP.
• It has a special image signal processor which processes the
things like instant image capturing, high-resolution
support, image stabilization, and image enhancements.
 Display unit
• Display Unit
• This unit is not in the Mobile System Organization for class 11.
But it is important to read this.
• Display Unit is that unit of the mobile phone which provides
us display & touch interface. We could scroll our mobile
phones because of this unit only.
• Most mobiles use an OLED display. Because, it has a very
smooth and fast processing as well as it could be scrolled
easily.
• Memory Unit
• The memoryUnit means the part of the mobile which stores
the data, files, and information in it.
• It also processes the data. It stores text documents, images,
videos, pictures, songs, etc. In mobiles, there are mainly two
types of memory, which are -:
• RAM — Random Access Memory
• ROM — Read Only Memory
• RAM
• It is the main working memory of our mobile. All the installed
applications are first loaded on RAM, and after that, they
were executed.
• If our mobile phone will have better RAM, then its processing
power will also be better. RAM is unable to work if the power
supply of the electricity goes off.
• This means it is a volatile memory.
• ROM
• It stands for reading Only Memory. It is the internal storage of
the mobile.
• No user could write anything on it, and thus it sounds
like “Read Only”. ROM part of the memory resides near the
Operating System of the mobile.
• In ROM, some apps could not be deleted by the user’s end.
Examples — WhatsApp, YouTube, Gmail, etc.
 Power Management
• Power Management means that part of the mobile supplies
the power to the mobile, due to which the mobile phone
could work and process.
• Batteries are that part, because of which mobile works.
• Most phones are formed with Lithium (Li+) ion batteries. The
capacity of the battery is measured in MAh.
• MAH stands for Milliampere-hour. The more the capacity of
the battery, the more mobile could work.
 External Storage

• External Storage is also known as Expandable Storage. It

means that storage which could be externally added to
mobile phones.
• It can be removed and added easily. There are many devices
these days, for example — SD cards, Micro SD cards, etc.
• We could store here text documents, images, videos,
pictures, songs, etc. It is somewhat similar to Secondary
Memory in computers.
Advantages of Mobile System

• In this section, we are going to read some of the main

advantages of mobiles, which are -:
• Mobiles are small computers, which can process a large set of
data within a second.
• We could connect to the internet through our mobile phones.
• We could easily communicate in any place on the earth.
• We could capture images, and videos from our mobile
phones, and edit them.
 TYPES OF SOFTWARE

• Software is a set of instructions or programs that tell a

computer what to do. It is generally divided into two main
categories:
• System Software
• The software that controls internal computer operations
(reading data from input devices,transmitting processed
information to the output devices,checking system
components,converting data/instructions to computer
understandable form etc.)is known as system software.
• The system software can further be classified into two
categories:
• 1.Operating System 2.Language Processor
Operating System
• An operating system is a program which acts as an interface
between a user and the hardware (all computer resources).
• The primary goal of an operating system is to make the
computer system convenient to use and secondary goal is to
use computer hardware in an efficient manner.
• An operating system is an important component of a computer
system which controls all other component of a computer
system which controls all other components of the computer
system.Major components of a computer system are:
• 1.The Hardware 2.The Operating System(OS)
• 3.The Application Program routines(compiler,database
management systems,utility programs)
• 4.The Humanware(users)
• As soon as a computer is booted up,OS is loaded on RAM so
that it can execute programs and applications and manage
other resources of computer.
• There are different types of operating systems
• Refer pg no 10
Language
Processors/Language
Translators
• A language processor is a special type of a computer software
that can translate the source code into an object code or
machine code.
• A source code refers to the program code written by
programmer in a high level programming language(HLL) such
as in C,Java,C++ etc
• A object code refers to a code usually in machine language or
binary code,a language that computer can understand easily
run on hardware.
Three types of language
processors
• Assembler-This language processor converts the program
written in assembly language into machine language.
• Interpreter-An interpreter is a type of system software that
translates and executes instructions written in a computer
program line by line ,unit by unit.
• Compiler-A compiler is another type of system software that
translates and executes instructions written in a computer
program in one go.
• Translated machine code runs fast(faster execution time) as
now computer does not require any type of conversion to run
it unlike source code which requires conversion into object
/machine code before it can be executed.
Application Software
• An application software is the set of programs necessary to
carry out operations for a specified application.
• This type of software pertains to one specific application.For
instance a software that can perform railway reservation
functions cannot prepare result for a school.
• These are the programs written by programmers to enable
computer to perform a specific task such as processing words,
inventory control, handling calculations and figures,medical
accounting,financial accounting ,result preparation,railway
reservation,billing
• Application software can further be sub divided into four
categories:
• 1.Packages 2.Utilities 3.customised software 4.Developer Tools
2. Application Software

• These are programs designed for end-users to perform specific

tasks.
• Types:
• General Purpose Software – Used for common tasks.
• Example: MS Word (for typing), MS Excel (for spreadsheets), Web
browsers.
• Specialized Software – Designed for specific professions.
• Example: Tally (for accounting), AutoCAD (for engineers),
Photoshop (for designers).
• Custom Software – Created for a specific organization or user.
• Example: Software developed for a particular school or hospital.
PACKAGES
• General Application software are known as packages.
• Some major and common categories of general application
software(packages) are:
• (i) Word processing Software
• (ii) Spreadsheets
• (iii)Database Management systems
• (iv)Desktop Publishing Software
• (v) Graphics, multimedia and presentation applications.
UTILITIES
• Utilities are those application programs that assist the
computer by performing housekeeping functions like backing up
disk or scanning /cleaning viruses or arranging information.
• Text Editor-This utility program is used for creating ,editing text
files.
• Backup Utility –This utility program facilitates the backing up of
disk .Back-up means duplicating the disk information so that in
case of any damage or data-loss, this backed up data may be
used.
• Disk Defragmenter-A file is fragmented (stored at different
locations) when it becomes too large for your computer to store
in a single location on a disk. Fragmented files slow down a
computer.
•