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Sound Waves

The document provides an overview of sound waves, detailing their properties such as wavelength, frequency, amplitude, and speed, and distinguishes between longitudinal and transverse waves. It explains that sound waves require a medium to travel and cannot propagate through a vacuum, and discusses concepts like pitch, amplitude, and the speed of sound in different mediums. Additionally, it covers sound reflection, absorption, interference, and the science of hearing.

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1 views42 pages

Sound Waves

The document provides an overview of sound waves, detailing their properties such as wavelength, frequency, amplitude, and speed, and distinguishes between longitudinal and transverse waves. It explains that sound waves require a medium to travel and cannot propagate through a vacuum, and discusses concepts like pitch, amplitude, and the speed of sound in different mediums. Additionally, it covers sound reflection, absorption, interference, and the science of hearing.

Uploaded by

wxgeng0901
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sound Waves

The basic properties (parts) of a wave include:


wavelength, frequency, amplitude and speed.
Longitudinal Wave vs. Transverse
Wave​

Longitudinal Wave Transverse Wave


Examples of longitudinal waves
Sound waves

Sound waves require the particles of a medium to transmit energy.


What is a Medium?
• A medium is a material through which waves can travel. It can be a solid,
liquid, or gas.
What is a Medium?
• When waves travel through a medium, the particles of the medium are not
carried along with the wave.​

Compressional wave particle vibration Transverse wave particle vibration


All waves transmit
energy not matter.
Sound Waves
• Sound waves are caused by vibrations
• Sound waves moving air particles back and forth. Your voice does the
same thing to the air!
What are Sound Waves?
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IZA0N-htjIU
• Sound waves, like all mechanical waves, cannot be transmitted through
the vacuum of empty space because sound waves require a medium to
transmit energy.
Displaying sounds
► Sound waves can be displayed
graphically using a microphone and an
oscilloscope as on the right. When
sound waves enter the microphone,
they make a crystal or a metal plate
inside it vibrate.
► The vibrations are changed into
electrical oscillations, and the
oscilloscope uses these to make a spot
oscillate up and down on the screen. It
moves the spot steadily sideways at the
same time, producing a wave shape
called a waveform.
► The waveform is really a graph showing
how the air pressure at the microphone Sounds on a Oscilloscope
varies with time. It is not a picture of https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QzC4z_7ucm0
the sound waves themselves: sound
waves are not transverse (up-and-
Longer Wavelengths = Lower Energy

Shorter Wavelengths = Higher Energy


Each Color of the Visible Spectrum has a
Different Wavelength
Which of the following waves has the greatest energy?
a) Red
b) Orange
c) Yellow
d) Green
e) Blue

Answer : Blue has the smallest wavelength and the highest energy.
Shorter Wavelength = Higher Frequency =
Higher Energy

Longer Wavelength = Lower Frequency = Lower


Energy
The Pitch of a Sound is Determined by
​the Frequency of a Wave
• ​Pitch relates to how high or low the sound is, which in turn depends on the
frequency of the vibration.
Sound waves are compressional waves and can also change in frequency.
Octaves 八度
• Musical scales are based on these. If the pitch of a note increases by one octave, the
frequency doubles, as shown on the keyboard above. This keyboard is tuned to scientific
pitch. Bands and orchestras normally use frequencies that differ slightly from those
shown.
Hearing Test
• The human ear can detect frequencies ranging from about 20

Hz up to 20 000 Hz, although the ability to hear high

frequencies decreases with age.

• https://www.youtube.co
• https://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=sZHWY1K
m/watch?v=WEoWlQO BHwc&t=158s
AQJ0
Ultrasound
• The human ear can detect sounds up to a frequency of about 20 000 Hz. Sounds above
the range of human hearing are called ultrasonic sounds, or ultrasound.

The uses of
ultrasound
Which of the following wave frequencies would be
perceived as the highest pitch to the human ear?
a) Red colored wave
b) Orange colored wave
c) Yellow colored wave
d) Green colored wave
e) Blue colored wave

The correct answer is: The blue colored wave has the highest
frequency and therefore, would be perceived as the highest
pitch.
Amplitude of a Sound Wave
= Loudness
• In a transverse wave the higher the wave, the higher the amplitude.
Amplitude of Light Waves
= Brightness
• Light with greater amplitude will appear to be brighter. Light with a lower
amplitude will appear to be dimmer.
Which of the following waves would be
perceived as a high pitch and a lower
volume sound?
a)Wave 1
b)Wave 2
c)Wave 3
d)Wave 4
The correct answer is: Wave 1
Transmission of Sound Waves
• Sound waves cannot transmit through the vacuum of space without a
medium. Sound waves can only be transmitted through solids, liquids,
and gases.

Sound travels the slowest through the air!


Light travels fastest through a vacuum.

Speed of Sound
Which medium transmits sound waves the fastest?
a) Air
b) Solids
c) Liquids
d) Gases

The correct answer is: Solids


The speed of sound
► In air, the speed of sound is about 330 metres per second (m/s), or 760
mph. That is slower than Concorde but about four times faster than a
racing car.

► The speed of sound depends on the temperature of the air –


Sound waves travel faster through hot air than through cold air.

► The speed of sound does not depend on the pressure of the air –
If atmospheric pressure changes, the speed of sound waves stays the
same. !
Speed of sound through..
air (dry) at 0 °C 330 m/s
air (dry) at 30 °C 350 m/s
water (pure) at 0 °C 1400 m/s
concrete 5000 m/s
Measuring the speed of sound

speed of sound = = = 330 m/s.


Sound Reflection
• Sound waves can also reflect.
• The reflection of sound waves is also
known as echoes and can help bats
and dolphins sense their
environments.

How Do Bats See with Sound? | Echolocation |


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fSIFU8OTwrg
Echoes
• Hard surfaces such as walls reflect sound waves.
When you hear an echo, you are hearing a
reflected sound a short time after the original
sound. In the diagram on the right, the sound has
to travel to the wall and back again. The time it
takes is the echo time. So
Sound Absorption
• When the sound waves encounter the surface of the material: part of
them reflects; part of them penetrate, and the rest are absorbed by
the material itself.
MUSIC VS NOISE
• Music is sounds that are deliberately used in a repeated pattern.
• Noise has random patterns and pitches.

Test yourself - Can you tell the difference between music and noise
Constructive Wave Interference
• A crest can interfere with another crest
constructively to produce a larger
amplitude crest and a trough will interfere to
produce a larger amplitude trough.
• Constructive interference can be referred to
as in phase.
Compressions interfere constructively with each other as do rarefactions.
Notice when the compressions and rarefactions of a longitudinal wave line
up the compressions intensity increases. This would make a louder sound.
Destructive Interference
• A crest can interfere with a trough to lessen or cancel the
amplitude of a wave.
• Destructive interference can be referred to as out of phase.
• Compressions can also interfere with rarefactions to lessen
or even completely cancel out the wave.

Total Destructive Interference Partial Destructive Interference


Notice when the compressions and rarefactions line up the wave cancels out.
This would make the sound cancel out.
How Noise-Canceling
Headphones Work
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zj33WAODsJg&t=112s
The science of hearing
• The ability to recognize sounds and identify their location is possible
thanks to the auditory system. That’s comprised of two main parts: the ear,
and the brain. The ear’s task is to convert sound energy into neural
signals; the brain’s is to receive and process the information those signals
contain.
• https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-science-of-hearing-douglas-l-oliver

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