To understand the experiences of kids, it is important to recognize their demographic characteristics and those of the communities in which they live. Today, U.S. children and their parents are more racially and ethnically diverse than ever, and the share of children in immigrant families has grown. As a result of systemic barriers, children of color generally experience disproportionately worse health and economic well-being.

Family economic success provides a critical foundation for healthy child development, which, in turn, relates to more positive outcomes in adulthood. Ongoing exposure to economic stress and hardship can negatively affect children's physical and mental health, academic achievement and social-emotional well-being.

Establishing the conditions to promote children's educational achievement begins before birth and continues into the elementary school years. With a strong beginning — followed by ongoing quality education, learning environments and support — children are more likely to stay on track in school and graduate, pursue postsecondary education and training and successfully transition to young adulthood. Our country's persistent educational disparities require additional efforts.

Children and youth who live in nurturing families and safe, supportive communities generally have stronger personal connections, higher educational achievement and better mental and behavioral health. Parents also need adequate resources to help foster their children's development. Similarly, children and youth are more likely to thrive in neighborhoods with strong schools, support services and opportunities for community engagement.

Children's good health is fundamental to their development, and ensuring kids are born healthy is the first step. Children and youth of color and those who face disadvantages such as inadequate family or community resources, exposure to traumatic events or other family stress tend to experience worse health outcomes. Leaders can address these disadvantages and ensure equitable access to quality health insurance and care.

Children and youth thrive when they grow up in safe, supportive environments and have nurturing, committed relationships with parents or other caregivers. Young people involved in the child welfare and juvenile justice systems are at greater risk of long-term problems. Solutions focus on racial equity, strengthening families and communities, and ensuring youth have opportunities for success and lifelong family connections.

The COVID-19 pandemic took hold in March 2020 and upended daily life for everyone. Child care centers closed. Schools went virtual. Many people lost work, and the economy convulsed. Children, youth and families became isolated. The health care system buckled, and too many people lost loved ones.

Youth and young adulthood, spanning roughly ages 14 through 24, is a developmental period when the brain is especially open to learning. It’s a time for building capabilities, healing from past trauma and changing course, if needed. Young people need adult support as they develop life skills, establish their identity and relationships, navigate increasing autonomy and transition to adulthood.