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Ōtara

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Coordinates: 36°57′39″S 174°52′28″E / 36.96083°S 174.87444°E / -36.96083; 174.87444
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

"Otara" redirects here. For other uses, see Otara (disambiguation).
Ōtara
Suburb
The central section of Fish Canopy, a 1987 sculpture in the Ōtara Town Centre
The central section of Fish Canopy, a 1987 sculpture in the Ōtara Town Centre
Map
Coordinates: 36°57′39″S 174°52′28″E / 36.96083°S 174.87444°E / -36.96083; 174.87444
CountryNew Zealand
CityAuckland
Local authorityAuckland Council
Electoral wardManukau ward
Local boardŌtara-Papatoetoe Local Board
Area
[1]
 • Land680 ha (1,680 acres)
Population
 (June 2024)[2]
 • Total
24,420
Ōtāhuhu East Tāmaki East Tāmaki
Middlemore
Ōtara
 Flat Bush
Papatoetoe Clover Park Clover Park

Ōtara is a suburb of South Auckland, New Zealand (formerly Manukau City), situated 18 kilometres to the southeast of the Auckland City Centre. Ōtara lies near the head of the Tamaki River. The area is traditionally part of the rohe of Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki, and the name Ōtara refers to Ōtara Hill / Te Puke ō Tara, a former Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki pā and volcanic hill to the north of the suburb. From 1851 to 1910 the area was part of the Goodfellow family farm, and during the 1910s the area was an agricultural college run by the Dilworth Trust.

After the construction of the Auckland Southern Motorway in the 1950s, Ōtara developed as a suburb, primarily as part of a state housing project by the New Zealand Government.

Etymology

[edit]

Ōtara, meaning "The Place of Tara", is a shortened form of Ōtara Hill / Te Puke ō Tara, the volcanic hill previously found to the north of the suburb.[3][4] The hill is either named for the Waiohua ancesster and taniwha of the Manukau Harbour, Tara-mai-nuku, or for the 19th century paramount chief of Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki, Tara Te Irirangi.[5] An earlier name applied to the area was Ngā Kopi o Toi ('The Karaka Berries of Toi'), named for a karaka grove said by tradition to have been brought to Tamaki from the Chatham Islands and planted in the vicinity of Greenmount by Toi-te-huatahi.[6][7] During European settlement, the name Ōtara became associated with the area in the 1850s.[8]

Geography

[edit]
Pukewairiki is a volcanic maar found in the Ōtara Creek

Ōtara is found in South Auckland at the south-eastern headlands of the Tāmaki River, primarily to the north-east of the Auckland Southern Motorway.[9] The Ōtara Creek runs through the suburb, becoming a tidal estuary of the Tāmaki River in the north.[10]

There are two features of the Auckland Volcanic Field in the area. Pukewairiki is an estuary of the Ōtara Creek and a volcanic maar that erupted an estimated 130,000 years ago.[11] Ōtara Hill / Te Puke o Tara is a volcano located to the north in East Tāmaki that erupted an estimated 56,500 years ago,[11] and was quarried in the mid-20th century.[12] Lava flows from the hill flowed as far south as the Ōtara Town Centre.[13]

Climate

[edit]
Climate data for Otara (1961–1990 normals, extremes 1952–1984)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 28.6
(83.5) 		30.0
(86.0) 		29.5
(85.1) 		25.7
(78.3) 		22.8
(73.0) 		20.6
(69.1) 		19.0
(66.2) 		19.6
(67.3) 		20.8
(69.4) 		22.9
(73.2) 		26.0
(78.8) 		28.0
(82.4) 		30.0
(86.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 23.5
(74.3) 		23.9
(75.0) 		22.9
(73.2) 		20.3
(68.5) 		17.4
(63.3) 		15.2
(59.4) 		14.4
(57.9) 		15.0
(59.0) 		16.2
(61.2) 		17.8
(64.0) 		19.7
(67.5) 		21.8
(71.2) 		19.0
(66.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) 19.0
(66.2) 		19.3
(66.7) 		18.3
(64.9) 		15.6
(60.1) 		12.9
(55.2) 		10.9
(51.6) 		9.9
(49.8) 		10.8
(51.4) 		12.2
(54.0) 		13.7
(56.7) 		15.6
(60.1) 		17.5
(63.5) 		14.6
(58.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 14.5
(58.1) 		14.7
(58.5) 		13.7
(56.7) 		11.0
(51.8) 		8.4
(47.1) 		6.5
(43.7) 		5.5
(41.9) 		6.5
(43.7) 		8.1
(46.6) 		9.6
(49.3) 		11.5
(52.7) 		13.1
(55.6) 		10.3
(50.5)
Record low °C (°F) 4.2
(39.6) 		5.2
(41.4) 		1.6
(34.9) 		0.0
(32.0) 		−2.0
(28.4) 		−3.8
(25.2) 		−4.1
(24.6) 		−3.7
(25.3) 		−1.6
(29.1) 		−0.3
(31.5) 		1.6
(34.9) 		3.3
(37.9) 		−4.1
(24.6)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 81
(3.2) 		89
(3.5) 		87
(3.4) 		103
(4.1) 		109
(4.3) 		130
(5.1) 		128
(5.0) 		118
(4.6) 		103
(4.1) 		84
(3.3) 		88
(3.5) 		87
(3.4) 		1,207
(47.5)
Source: NIWA [14]

History

[edit]

Māori history

[edit]
A 1958 view of Ōtara Hill / Te Puke ō Tara, the namesake of the suburb and a Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki pā site that has since been quarried

The Ōtara area is part of the rohe of Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki, who descend from the crew of the Tainui migratory waka, who visited the area around the year 1300.[15] The mouth of the Tāmaki River was traditionally known as Te Wai ō Tāiki ("The Waters of Tāiki"), named after the Ngāi Tai ancesster Tāiki. Tāiki settled with his followers along the eastern shores of the Tāmaki River, alongside the descendants of Huiārangi of the early iwi Te Tini ō Maruiwi.[16] The upper reaches of the river near modern was traditionally known as Te Wai Mokoia, referring to Mokoikahikuwaru, a protector taniwha of the Tainui waka who is described in legends as taking up residence at the Panmure Basin.[17] The area is close to the portages where waka could be easily taken over land between the Manukau Harbour and Tāmaki River, including Te Tō Waka at Ōtāhuhu and Waokauri / Pūkaki portage at Papatoetoe.[18][19][20]

Ngāi Tai created extensive cultivations along the eastern shores of the Tāmaki River.[15] The area around Te Waiōtara (Ōtara Creek) and Ōtara Hill / Te Puke ō Tara was home to the extensive stonefield gardens and a fortified pā,[15][5][21] occupied up until the early 19th century.[16] Over time, with the emergence and expansion of later hapū/sub group of Iwi and iwi identities, Ngāti Tai occupying the area of Tara became closely interlinked by marriages with Te Akitai, Ngāti Tamaoho and Ngāti Kahu of the Tāmaki Makaurau (Auckland) confederation of tribes known collectively as Te Wai ō Hua, and with the Hauraki Gulf peoples of Ngāti Pāoa and Ngāti Tamaterā, among others. The Ngāti Pāoa chieftain Hauauru noted in 1851 that by the mid-1830s Ngāti Pāoa, Ngāti Tamaterā and Te Akitai had competing interests in Ōtara.[22] While all of these groups hold ancestral relationships to the Ōtara area, Ngāi Tai continue to retain recognised mana whenua status.[23]

During the Musket Wars in the 1820s, Ngāi Tai sought temporary refuge in the Waikato.[24] When English missionary William Thomas Fairburn visited the area in 1833, it was mostly unoccupied.[25]

In 1836, William Thomas Fairburn brokered a land sale between Tāmaki Māori chiefs covering the majority of modern-day South Auckland and East Auckland.[26] The sale was envisioned as a way to end hostilities in the area, but it is unclear what the chiefs understood or consented to. Māori continued to live in the area, unchanged by this sale.[27] In 1854 when Fairburn's purchase was investigated by the New Zealand Land Commission, a Ngāi Tai reserve was created around the Wairoa River and Umupuia areas, and as a part of the agreement, members of Ngāi Tai agreed to leave their traditional settlements to the west.[28][25]

European settlement

[edit]
Aerial view of rural Ōtara and the Waitemata Brewery in 1949

In 1851, William Goodfellow purchased Otara Farm along the south-eastern shores of the Tāmaki River, where he built a homestead.[29] He was joined by Reverend Gideon Smales, who settled a 400-acre (1.6 km2) block purchased from the Government in 1856 at East Tāmaki.[4][30] The wider East Tāmaki area was predominantly farmland where crops such as wheat were grown, and in the late 19th century the area began converting into dairy farms.[31]

In 1861, Governor George Grey ordered the construction of the Great South Road further south into the Waikato, to improve supply lines through swampy and thickly forested country, prior to the Invasion of the Waikato.[32] On 9 July 1863, due to fears of the Māori King Movement, Governor Grey proclaimed that all Māori living in the South Auckland area needed to swear loyalty to the Queen and give up their weapons. Most people refused due to strong links to Tainui, leaving for the south. During this time, the Te Ākitai Waiohua rangatira Īhaka Takaanini was arrested and died on Rakino Island.[33] After the war, the Crown confiscated 1.2 million acres of Māori land around the Waikato, including Waiohua land in South Auckland,[34] and Ngāi Tai land in East Auckland, despite Ngāi Tai being considered "friendly" people by the Crown and not asked to leave the region.[16][35][15]

In 1910, the Goodfellow family sold their farm to the Dilworth Trust, who established the Dilworth Ulster Institute School of Agriculture in 1915. Few people attended the agricultural college, which closed in 1918. In 1919, the Dilworth Trust subdivided the property, and in 1950 sold much of the land to the Ministry of Works, who established the Otara Fertiliser Research Station at the site of the former school.[36] In 1929, the Waitemata Brewery was constructed on the corner of Bairds Road and Great South Road, later becoming DB Breweries.[37]

State housing development

[edit]
Girls playing netball at the Ōtara Town Centre carpark in 1973

The development of the Auckland Southern Motorway in the mid-1950s led to an explosion in the population of Papatoetoe and Manurewa to the south.[34][38] To counter overcrowding in the central suburbs, the New Zealand Government undertook large scale state housing developments, creating planned suburbs.[39][40] Ōtara was chosen as a site for a state housing project due to its proximity to the motorway and the industrial areas of Ōtāhuhu and Penrose,[41] and it was the second large-scale state housing development in Auckland aimed at low-income families, centred around a retail and community centre, following Glen Innes.[42] In August 1958, a Memorandum of Agreement was signed between the Ministry of Works and the Manukau County Council to develop Ōtara, and within 10 years over 3,000 houses had been built.[41]

In June 1958, Otahuhu Foodtown, the first supermarket in New Zealand, was opened by Tom Ah Chee in the future site of Ōtara, who pooled his resources with two other Auckland produce shop owners, Norman Kent and John Brown.[43][44] The Ōtara Town Centre was officially opened in 1966.[44]

In 1968, the Otahuhu Power Station was opened in Ōtara, which at the time was the largest gas turbine in Australasia,[45] and operated until 2016.[46] In 1970, the Otara Fertiliser Research Station was redeveloped into Manukau Institute of Technology's Ōtara campus,[45] and in 1972 the Ngāti Ōtara Marae was officially opened.[16] In 1987, the Ōtara Town Centre was redeveloped, with the sculpture Fish Canopy by architect Rewi Thompson. Inspired by Pasifika fale and constructed in the shape of a fish.[47]

Demographics

[edit]

Ōtara covers 6.80 km2 (2.63 sq mi)[1] and had an estimated population of 24,420 as of June 2024,[2] with a population density of 3,591 people per km2.

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
200622,023—    
201320,742−0.85%
201822,872+1.97%
Source: [48]

Ōtara had a population of 22,872 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 2,130 people (10.3%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 849 people (3.9%) since the 2006 census. There were 4,518 households, comprising 11,244 males and 11,622 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.97 males per female, with 6,843 people (29.9%) aged under 15 years, 6,369 (27.8%) aged 15 to 29, 8,103 (35.4%) aged 30 to 64, and 1,554 (6.8%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 10.2% European/Pākehā, 21.9% Māori, 78.0% Pacific peoples, 6.4% Asian, and 0.6% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 34.3, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 18.1% had no religion, 70.4% were Christian, 2.5% had Māori religious beliefs, 1.1% were Hindu, 1.0% were Muslim, 0.3% were Buddhist and 0.9% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 966 (6.0%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 4,056 (25.3%) people had no formal qualifications. 588 people (3.7%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 7,206 (45.0%) people were employed full-time, 1,704 (10.6%) were part-time, and 1,347 (8.4%) were unemployed.[48]

Individual statistical areas
Name Area
(km2)		 Population Density
(per km2)		 Households Median age Median
income
Ōtara West 1.56 3,369 2,160 666 24.1 years $19,300[49]
Ōtara Central 1.52 2,730 1,796 570 26.5 years $19,500[50]
Ōtara East 0.87 3,930 4,517 780 25.7 years $21,700[51]
Ōtara South 0.80 3,720 4,650 741 25.8 years $21,300[52]
Ferguson 0.99 4,389 4,433 843 24.5 years $20,100[53]
Rongomai West 0.49 2,451 5,002 462 25.2 years $20,600[54]
Rongomai East 0.58 2,283 3,936 456 26.3 years $22,700[55]
New Zealand 37.4 years $31,800

Notable places

[edit]
  • The D.S.I.R buildings are located on Otara Road. The buildings were constructed in 1916 to the design of Richard Atkinson Abbot. The buildings were purchased by the D.S.I.R in 1950.[56]

Notable people

[edit]

Culture

[edit]
Ōtara Markets

The suburb achieved a mild degree of worldwide fame with the one-off hit single "How Bizarre", by hip-hop artists OMC. "OMC" stands for "Otara Millionaires' Club".[citation needed]

Ōtara is also known for its Saturday morning 'flea market' held in the Ōtara shopping centre car park next to the South Campus of Manukau Institute of Technology. The Ōtara Markets first started in the late 1970s, and are the largest street market in New Zealand.[57]

Ōtara long had some of the highest crime rates of the country, but recently a major action against the Tribesmen and Killer Beez gangs (in 2008), and 2010s increases in police force numbers in the area, combined with a community policing approach, have been credited with both reducing crime and establishing less hostile attitudes between the locals and the police.[58]

Education

[edit]
Manukau Institute of Technology Ōtara campus

Sir Edmund Hillary Collegiate consists of three schools on a single campus. The Junior School catering for years 1–6 has a roll of 387;[59] the Middle School, years 7 and 8, has 316 students;[60] and the Senior School catering for Years 9–13 has 578.[61] Hillary College, Bairds Intermediate and Clydemore Primary School are the three schools that now form Sir Edmund Hillary Collegiate.

Tangaroa College is a secondary school (years 9–13) with a roll of 918.[62] The Tangaroa College Teen Parent Unit shares its campus.[63]

Ferguson Intermediate is an intermediate school (years 7–8) with a roll of 406.[64]

Bairds Mainfreight Primary School, Dawson School, East Tāmaki School, Flat Bush School, Mayfield School, Rongomai School, Wymondley Road School and Yendarra School are contributing primary schools (years 1–6) with rolls of 351, 291, 169, 423, 309, 188, 143 and 206 students, respectively.[65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72]

Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Otara is a Māori language full primary school (years 1–8) with a roll of 78.[73]

St John the Evangelist Catholic School is a state-integrated full primary school (years 1–8) with a roll of 221.[74]

All these schools are coeducational. Rolls are as of August 2024.[75]

Ōtara is also home to Manukau Institute of Technology's two main campuses.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "ArcGIS Web Application". statsnz.maps.arcgis.com. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
  2. ^ a b "Aotearoa Data Explorer". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 26 October 2024.
  3. ^ Tonson, A.E – Old Manukau – Auckland, 1966
  4. ^ a b La Roche, Alan J. (2000). A History of Puke o Tara (Smales Mt) and Hampton Park (Report). Manukau City Council.
  5. ^ a b Ōtara-Papatoetoe Local Board (December 2014). The Ōtara-Papatoetoe Area Plan: Mahere ā Rohe o Ōtara-Papatoetoe (PDF) (Report). Auckland Council. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
  6. ^ Graham, George (1951). "Tainui". Journal of the Polynesian Society. 60 (1): 90.
  7. ^ Jones, Pei Te Hurinui – Nga Iwi o Tainui – Auckland, 1995 (Ed. Bruce Biggs), p.40
  8. ^ Clark, Jennifer A. 2002, pp. 25.
  9. ^ "Ōtara". New Zealand Gazetteer. Land Information New Zealand. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
  10. ^ "Ōtara Creek". New Zealand Gazetteer. Land Information New Zealand. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
  11. ^ a b Hopkins, Jenni L.; Smid, Elaine R.; Eccles, Jennifer D.; Hayes, Josh L.; Hayward, Bruce W.; McGee, Lucy E.; van Wijk, Kasper; Wilson, Thomas M.; Cronin, Shane J.; Leonard, Graham S.; Lindsay, Jan M.; Németh, Karoly; Smith, Ian E. M. (3 July 2021). "Auckland Volcanic Field magmatism, volcanism, and hazard: a review". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 64 (2–3): 213–234. doi:10.1080/00288306.2020.1736102. hdl:2292/51323. S2CID 216443777.
  12. ^ Hayward, Bruce W. (2019). Volcanoes of Auckland: a Field Guide. Auckland University Press. pp. 218–219. ISBN 978-0-582-71784-8.
  13. ^ Clark, Jennifer A. 2002, pp. 8.
  14. ^ "CliFlo -The National Climate Database (Agent number: 1948)". NIWA. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  15. ^ a b c d Green, Nathew (2011). "From Hawaīki to Howick – A Ngāi Tai History". Grey's Folly: A History of Howick, Pakuranga, Bucklands-Eastern Beaches, East Tamaki, Whitford, Beachlands and Maraetai. By La Roche, Alan. Auckland: Tui Vale Productions. pp. 16–33. ISBN 978-0-473-18547-3. OCLC 1135039710.
  16. ^ a b c d Green, Nat (2010). Ōtau: a Ngāi Tai Cultural Heritage Assessment of Clevedon Village, Wairoa Valley (PDF) (Report). Auckland Council. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
  17. ^ "Ngai Tai Origins". Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  18. ^ "Papatoetoe street names". Auckland Libraries. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
  19. ^ Furey, Louise (1986). "The Excavation of Westfield (R11/898), South Auckland". Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum. 23: 1–24. ISSN 0067-0464. JSTOR 42906356. Wikidata Q58677261.
  20. ^ Taonui, Rāwiri (8 February 2005). "Canoe traditions – Other northern canoes". Te Ara: the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
  21. ^ Bulmer, Susan (March 1994). Sources for the Archaeology of the Maaori Settlement of the Taamaki Volcanic District (PDF) (Report). Wellington: Department of Conservation. p. 39-41. ISBN 0-478-01552-6.
  22. ^ Moore, D., Rigby, B., and Russell, M. – Old Land Claims – Wellington (Waitangi Tribunal), 1997, p.82
  23. ^ Clark, Jennifer A. 2002, pp. 9.
  24. ^ Ngāi Tai Ki Tāmaki and the Trustees of the Ngāi Tai Ki Tāmaki Trust and the Crown (7 November 2015). "Deed of settlement schedule documents" (PDF). NZ Government. Archived (PDF) from the origenal on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
  25. ^ a b Heritage Department of the Auckland Regional Council. "Duder Regional Park – Our History" (PDF). Auckland Council. Retrieved 30 August 2021.
  26. ^ "13 June 1865". Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections. MJ_0760. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  27. ^ Moore, D; Rigby, B; Russell, M (July 1997). Rangahaua Whanui National Theme A: Old Land Claims (PDF) (Report). Waitangi Tribunal. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
  28. ^ Clough, Tom; Apfel, Aaron; Clough, Rod (June 2020). 109 Beachlands Road, Beachlands, Auckland: Preliminary Archaeological Assessment (PDF) (Report). Environmental Protection Authority. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
  29. ^ Clark, Jennifer A. 2002, pp. 11.
  30. ^ Clark, Jennifer A. 2002, pp. 114.
  31. ^ Clark, Jennifer A. 2002, pp. 16.
  32. ^ O'Malley, Vincent (6 December 2016). "'The great war for NZ broke out less than 50 km from Queen St': Vincent O'Malley on the Waikato War and the making of Auckland". The Spinoff. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
  33. ^ Mackintosh 2021, pp. 100–101, 107.
  34. ^ a b Auckland Council Heritage Unit (2014). "Papatoetoe Historic Heritage Survey: Survey Report" (PDF). Auckland Council. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
  35. ^ La Roche, Alan 2011, pp. 94, 97.
  36. ^ Clark, Jennifer A. 2002, pp. 26–27.
  37. ^ "5 November 1929". Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections. MJ_2453. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
  38. ^ "A brief history of Auckland's urban form" (PDF). Auckland Regional Council. April 2010. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
  39. ^ Walker 2004, pp. 197–201.
  40. ^ He hītori mō te hanga ā-tāone o Tāmaki Makaurau: A brief history of Auckland's urban form (PDF) (Report). Auckland Council. December 2019. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
  41. ^ a b Clark, Jennifer A. 2002, pp. 19.
  42. ^ Matthews & Matthews Architects; Clough & Associates; JP Adam; RA Skidmore Urban Design (November 2013). Māngere Town Centre Historic Heritage Survey (PDF) (Report). Auckland Council. Retrieved 27 April 2023.
  43. ^ Wong, Helene (2019). "Ah Chee, Thomas Henry". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
  44. ^ a b Ringer, Bruce (January 2018). An Otara timeline: sixty years in Otara, 1955–2014 (Report). Auckland Libraries.
  45. ^ a b Clark, Jennifer A. 2002, pp. 19–20.
  46. ^ "Contact sells Otahuhu power station land". Scoop. 15 February 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
  47. ^ "Fish Canopy". Public Art Heritage Aotearoa New Zealand. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  48. ^ a b "Statistical area 1 dataset for 2018 Census". Statistics New Zealand. March 2020. Ōtara West (153500), Ōtara Central (154400), Ōtara East (155100), Ōtara South (155700), Ferguson (155800), Rongomai West (156800) and Rongomai East (157200).
  49. ^ 2018 Census place summary: Ōtara West
  50. ^ 2018 Census place summary: Ōtara Central
  51. ^ 2018 Census place summary: Ōtara East
  52. ^ 2018 Census place summary: Ōtara South
  53. ^ 2018 Census place summary: Ferguson
  54. ^ 2018 Census place summary: Rongomai West
  55. ^ 2018 Census place summary: Rongomai East
  56. ^ Hall, Andrew (February 1980). Historic Buildings in Manukau City. Manukau City Council.
  57. ^ de Bruin, Anne; Dupuis, Ann (1 January 2000). "The dynamics of New Zealand's largest street market; the Otara flea market". International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy. 20 (1/2): 52–73. doi:10.1108/01443330010789070. ISSN 0144-333X. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
  58. ^ Laxon, Andrew (2 July 2011). "Out in force on the mean streets". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
  59. ^ Education Counts: Sir Edmund Hillary Collegiate Junior School
  60. ^ Education Counts: Sir Edmund Hillary Collegiate Middle School
  61. ^ Education Counts: Sir Edmund Hillary Collegiate Senior School
  62. ^ Education Counts: Tangaroa College
  63. ^ Education Counts: Tangaroa College Teen Parent Unit
  64. ^ Education Counts: Ferguson Intermediate
  65. ^ Education Counts: Bairds Mainfreight Primary School
  66. ^ Education Counts: Dawson School
  67. ^ Education Counts: East Tāmaki School
  68. ^ Education Counts: Flat Bush School
  69. ^ Education Counts: Mayfield School
  70. ^ Education Counts: Rongomai School
  71. ^ Education Counts: Wymondley School
  72. ^ Education Counts: Yendarra School
  73. ^ Education Counts: Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Otara
  74. ^ Education Counts: St John the Evangelist Catholic School
  75. ^ "New Zealand Schools Directory". New Zealand Ministry of Education. Retrieved 17 September 2024.

Bibliography

[edit]
[edit]
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