1993 Venezuelan general election
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Presidential election | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Turnout | 60.16% | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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 Venezuela portal |
General elections were held in Venezuela on 5 December 1993.[1] The presidential elections were won by former president Rafael Caldera of National Convergence, who received 30% of the vote.[2][3] Democratic Action remained the largest party in the Chamber of Deputies and Senate, which were elected on separate ballots for the first time.[4] Voter turnout was 60%, the lowest since World War II.[5]
The elections were a departure from the traditional two-party system in Venezuela.[3]
Background
[edit]The election campaign was dominated by the corruption charges brought against sitting President Carlos Andrés Pérez, which led to his impeachment on 20 May 1993. He was replaced by Octavio Lepage as Acting President until Ramón José Velásquez was elected by Congress as interim President on 5 June. An atmosphere of economic and political crisis prevailed, with general economic problems compounded by a banking crisis, and a declining legitimacy of the traditional main parties, Democratic Action and Copei. The previous year had seen two coup attempts in February and November, reflecting widespread popular discontent with the political establishment.
Rafael Caldera, founder of Copei, rejected his old party and led a "National Convergence" of 17 smaller parties — including the Movement for Socialism, the Democratic Republican Union, the People's Electoral Movement and the Communist Party of Venezuela. His campaign promises included pardoning the 1992 coup plotters, including Hugo Chávez.
The presidential election was held under first-past-the-post voting, while the Congressional elections were the first held under a mixed member proportional representation system,[6] modelled on the German system, with some variations.[7] The traditionally dominant Democratic Action and Copei "supported it because it looked the most like the system under which they had prospered".[6] The MMP system continued to use the old formula of assigning seats to states based on multiplying the total population by 0.55%, with a minimum of three deputies from each state (thus over-representing sparsely populated states).[6] Half each state's seats were then elected in single seat districts, and the remainder by closed party list. Parties could receive up to five additional seats based on their national vote total, to provide greater proportionality.[8]
Results
[edit]President
[edit]| Candidate | Party | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rafael Caldera | National Convergence | 1,710,722 | 30.46 | |
| Claudio Fermín | Democratic Action | 1,325,287 | 23.60 | |
| Oswaldo Álvarez Paz | Copei | 1,276,506 | 22.73 | |
| Andrés Velásquez | Radical Cause | 1,232,653 | 21.95 | |
| Modesto Rivero | Authentic Renewal Organization | 20,814 | 0.37 | |
| Nelso Ojeda Valenzuela | Independent Popular Force | 18,690 | 0.33 | |
| Luis Alberto Machado | Intelligence Revolution | 6,851 | 0.12 | |
| Fernando Bianco | Community on the Move | 5,590 | 0.10 | |
| José Antonio Cova | New Democratic Generation | 4,937 | 0.09 | |
| Gabriel Puerta Aponte | Movement for Popular Democracy | 3,746 | 0.07 | |
| Rhona Ottolina | Formula 1 | 3,633 | 0.06 | |
| Romuló Abreu Duarte | Guiding Venezuelan Spiritual Force | 1,554 | 0.03 | |
| Jesús Tang | National Party | 1,251 | 0.02 | |
| Blas García Núñez | Venezuelan Ecological Party | 1,198 | 0.02 | |
| Juán Chacín | Democratic Organised Power of Renewal Structure | 981 | 0.02 | |
| Carmen de González | Nationalist Civic Crusade | 866 | 0.02 | |
| Felix Díaz Ortega | New Order | 780 | 0.01 | |
| Temistocles Fernández | Total Independent | 640 | 0.01 | |
| Total | 5,616,699 | 100.00 | ||
| Valid votes | 5,616,699 | 96.35 | ||
| Invalid/blank votes | 212,517 | 3.65 | ||
| Total votes | 5,829,216 | 100.00 | ||
| Registered voters/turnout | 9,688,795 | 60.16 | ||
| Source: Nohlen, PDBA | ||||
Senate
[edit] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | |
| Democratic Action | 1,165,322 | 24.08 | 16 | –6 | |
| Copei | 1,103,896 | 22.81 | 14 | –6 | |
| Radical Cause | 1,005,816 | 20.78 | 9 | +9 | |
| National Convergence | 650,352 | 13.44 | 6 | New | |
| Movement for Socialism | 526,197 | 10.87 | 5 | – | |
| Authentic Renewal Organization | 41,157 | 0.85 | 0 | 0 | |
| People's Electoral Movement | 26,545 | 0.55 | 0 | 0 | |
| Democratic Republican Union | 25,732 | 0.53 | 0 | 0 | |
| National Integration Movement | 23,459 | 0.48 | 0 | New | |
| Communist Party of Venezuela | 18,862 | 0.39 | 0 | 0 | |
| New Democratic Generation | 14,159 | 0.29 | 0 | –1 | |
| National Opinion | 13,794 | 0.28 | 0 | 0 | |
| Independent Popular Force | 12,908 | 0.27 | 0 | – | |
| Formula 1 | 12,524 | 0.26 | 0 | 0 | |
| Emerging People | 10,709 | 0.22 | 0 | – | |
| PCI | 10,092 | 0.21 | 0 | – | |
| GP | 9,901 | 0.20 | 0 | – | |
| Community Development | 9,656 | 0.20 | 0 | – | |
| Nationalist United Front | 8,791 | 0.18 | 0 | – | |
| National Renewal Movement | 8,322 | 0.17 | 0 | – | |
| Advanced Popular | 8,256 | 0.17 | 0 | – | |
| Movement for Popular Democracy | 8,117 | 0.17 | 0 | – | |
| OCIM | 6,352 | 0.13 | 0 | – | |
| GIRASOL | 5,647 | 0.12 | 0 | – | |
| Active Democratic Nationalist Organisation | 5,089 | 0.11 | 0 | – | |
| Venezuelan Ecological Party | 4,613 | 0.10 | 0 | – | |
| UVI | 4,494 | 0.09 | 0 | – | |
| Renewal | 4,208 | 0.09 | 0 | – | |
| Popular Democratic Force | 4,002 | 0.08 | 0 | – | |
| MERY | 3,883 | 0.08 | 0 | – | |
| Community on the Move | 3,830 | 0.08 | 0 | – | |
| Patriotic Union | 3,018 | 0.06 | 0 | – | |
| Socialist League | 2,858 | 0.06 | 0 | – | |
| New Order | 2,772 | 0.06 | 0 | – | |
| CARICUAO DECIDE | 2,597 | 0.05 | 0 | – | |
| U | 2,574 | 0.05 | 0 | – | |
| FT | 2,440 | 0.05 | 0 | – | |
| The People to Power | 2,297 | 0.05 | 0 | – | |
| MACARIO | 2,283 | 0.05 | 0 | – | |
| CUMANAGOTOS | 2,060 | 0.04 | 0 | – | |
| Democratic Organised Power of Renewal Structure | 2,045 | 0.04 | 0 | – | |
| Social Project | 1,979 | 0.04 | 0 | – | |
| Democratic Factor | 1,972 | 0.04 | 0 | – | |
| Independent Nationalist Organisation | 1,938 | 0.04 | 0 | – | |
| OI | 1,897 | 0.04 | 0 | – | |
| Integral Democratic Movement | 1,844 | 0.04 | 0 | – | |
| Out of Love for Venezuela | 1,733 | 0.04 | 0 | – | |
| Common Sense | 1,678 | 0.03 | 0 | – | |
| National Party | 1,478 | 0.03 | 0 | – | |
| ASI | 1,387 | 0.03 | 0 | – | |
| UO | 1,313 | 0.03 | 0 | – | |
| Electoral Renewal Integration | 1,310 | 0.03 | 0 | – | |
| Independents with Change | 1,266 | 0.03 | 0 | – | |
| National Integration Front | 1,215 | 0.03 | 0 | – | |
| FACTOR E | 1,140 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| Guiding Venezuelan Spiritual Force | 1,132 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| AGAIN | 1,107 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| DCARA | 1,098 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| DECISION COJEDENA | 1,062 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| Republican Movement | 1,060 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| FIE | 1,018 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| CHACAO 92 | 944 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| Union for Progress (Venezuela) | 924 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| CPPP | 889 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| IDEAL | 864 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| Nationalist Civic Crusade | 862 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| New Republic | 849 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| NI | 830 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| MAR | 798 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| VO | 794 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| PND | 785 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| Independent Action Force | 781 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| MIPO | 766 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| CD | 725 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| UCII | 678 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| FOVE | 654 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| Socialist Workers' Party | 649 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| CIPREA | 644 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| Agricultural Action | 630 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| VCI | 583 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| M93 | 575 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| DDP | 546 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| PEM | 539 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| MAP | 505 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| MIAP | 482 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| PUNI | 482 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| FURIA | 426 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| MIO | 415 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| JL | 396 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| MRI | 384 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| UPC | 364 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| MDIPG | 357 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| MONCHO | 350 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| LVP | 350 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| EREDE | 344 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| PENSAMIENTO NACIONAL | 340 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| VIA | 319 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| New Time | 318 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| MIL | 308 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| DAR | 304 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| Majoritarian Independent Committee | 303 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| GRITO VECINAL | 289 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| BP | 286 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| FIG | 277 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| VEA | 275 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| Independent Committee | 258 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| EPI | 251 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| PODER 7 | 232 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| PINDD | 230 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| REPO | 225 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| MIP | 209 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| GEVE | 198 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| MIRE | 198 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| Independent Solidarity | 197 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| National Authentic Party | 195 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| FIC | 188 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| ARDE | 181 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| MIIDEA | 174 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| CRA | 173 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| CDA | 172 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| ACONA | 172 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| RA | 147 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| MDV | 133 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| CIN | 124 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| FUPSSB | 121 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| MINERO | 118 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| SOL | 118 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| AVI | 116 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| MIDV | 114 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| ISA | 113 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| FE | 111 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| MICA | 94 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| GEIJM | 93 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| LVY | 89 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| MNVI | 84 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| CADEM | 80 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| CP | 75 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| PEIP | 75 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| GDP | 72 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| MPN | 66 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| TNSD | 57 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| MAICITO | 54 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| ORI | 50 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| EEF 94 | 39 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| Apureño Independent Movement | 36 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| FEG | 36 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| GAP | 25 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| YIP | 25 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| MIPAYCA | 24 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| MAICITO | 21 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| CIV | 11 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| MIDEAS | 11 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| OIPLR | 10 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| Republican Democratic Party | 5 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| MEIAMA | 4 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| AUV | 3 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| PE | 1 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| Total | 4,840,047 | 100.00 | 50 | +4 | |
| Valid votes | 4,840,047 | 83.03 | |||
| Invalid/blank votes | 989,169 | 16.97 | |||
| Total votes | 5,829,216 | 100.00 | |||
| Registered voters/turnout | 9,688,795 | 60.16 | |||
| Source: Nohlen, Cavuta | |||||
Chamber of Deputies
[edit] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | |
| Democratic Action | 1,099,728 | 23.34 | 55 | –42 | |
| Copei | 1,065,512 | 22.62 | 53 | –14 | |
| Radical Cause | 974,190 | 20.68 | 40 | +37 | |
| National Convergence | 651,918 | 13.84 | 26 | New | |
| Movement for Socialism | 509,068 | 10.81 | 24 | – | |
| Authentic Renewal Organization | 41,085 | 0.87 | 1 | –1 | |
| National Integration Movement | 29,433 | 0.62 | 1 | New | |
| People's Electoral Movement | 27,635 | 0.59 | 1 | –1 | |
| Democratic Republican Union | 26,299 | 0.56 | 1 | –1 | |
| Communist Party of Venezuela | 21,180 | 0.45 | 0 | –1 | |
| New Democratic Generation | 16,680 | 0.35 | 1 | –5 | |
| National Opinion | 13,725 | 0.29 | 0 | –1 | |
| Formula 1 | 13,091 | 0.28 | 0 | –2 | |
| Independent Popular Force | 12,730 | 0.27 | 0 | – | |
| Emerging People | 12,525 | 0.27 | 0 | – | |
| Community Development | 10,541 | 0.22 | 0 | – | |
| Movement for Popular Democracy | 9,680 | 0.21 | 0 | – | |
| Nationalist United Front | 9,333 | 0.20 | 0 | – | |
| PCI | 8,293 | 0.18 | 0 | – | |
| National Renewal Movement | 8,223 | 0.17 | 0 | – | |
| Advanced Popular | 7,754 | 0.16 | 0 | – | |
| GIRASOL | 6,815 | 0.14 | 0 | – | |
| OCIM | 6,685 | 0.14 | 0 | – | |
| Renewal | 5,538 | 0.12 | 0 | – | |
| GP | 5,459 | 0.12 | 0 | – | |
| Venezuelan Ecological Party | 5,363 | 0.11 | 0 | – | |
| UVI | 4,853 | 0.10 | 0 | – | |
| Active Democratic Nationalist Organisation | 4,842 | 0.10 | 0 | – | |
| Socialist League | 4,063 | 0.09 | 0 | – | |
| MELI | 3,995 | 0.08 | 0 | – | |
| Community on the Move | 3,558 | 0.08 | 0 | – | |
| Popular Democratic Force | 3,409 | 0.07 | 0 | – | |
| Patriotic Union | 3,341 | 0.07 | 0 | – | |
| CARICUAO DECIDE | 2,957 | 0.06 | 0 | – | |
| Common Sense | 2,915 | 0.06 | 0 | – | |
| New Order | 2,759 | 0.06 | 0 | – | |
| The People to Power | 2,546 | 0.05 | 0 | – | |
| FT | 2,516 | 0.05 | 0 | – | |
| Democratic Factor | 2,423 | 0.05 | 0 | – | |
| U | 2,281 | 0.05 | 0 | – | |
| OI | 2,232 | 0.05 | 0 | – | |
| National Party | 2,059 | 0.04 | 0 | – | |
| Out of Love for Venezuela | 1,999 | 0.04 | 0 | – | |
| Social Project | 1,986 | 0.04 | 0 | – | |
| Democratic Organised Power of Renewal Structure | 1,975 | 0.04 | 0 | – | |
| MACARIO | 1,962 | 0.04 | 0 | – | |
| Integral Democratic Movement | 1,910 | 0.04 | 0 | – | |
| UO | 1,654 | 0.04 | 0 | – | |
| CUMANAGATOS | 1,611 | 0.03 | 0 | – | |
| Electoral Renewal Integration | 1,555 | 0.03 | 0 | – | |
| National Integration Front | 1,495 | 0.03 | 0 | – | |
| FACTOR E | 1,436 | 0.03 | 0 | – | |
| Guiding Venezuelan Spiritual Force | 1,412 | 0.03 | 0 | – | |
| MRM | 1,377 | 0.03 | 0 | – | |
| ASI | 1,367 | 0.03 | 0 | – | |
| Republican Movement | 1,229 | 0.03 | 0 | – | |
| Independent Nationalist Organisation | 1,119 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| AGAIN | 1,092 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| DE CHACAO 93 | 991 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| FIE | 988 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| Union for Progress | 978 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| MAR | 975 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| Nationalist Civic Crusade | 970 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| IDEAL | 944 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| MONCHO | 931 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| PND | 929 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| Independent Action Force | 914 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| NI | 909 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| UCII | 883 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| MIPO | 855 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| CD | 816 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| VO | 814 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| Agricultural Action | 800 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| M93 | 793 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| DCARA | 766 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| GIO | 755 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| Independents with Change | 719 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| DECISION COJEDENA | 719 | 0.02 | 0 | – | |
| TMSD | 702 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| LIDER | 669 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| Socialist Workers' Party | 629 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| LSN | 621 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| FURIA | 613 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| UPC | 548 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| DDP | 536 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| Organised Independent Movement | 518 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| VCI | 506 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| MIAP | 496 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| National Authentic Party | 487 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| CPPP | 443 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| PUNI | 440 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| EREDE | 409 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| ACONA | 401 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| MDIPG | 372 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| MOREPO 34 | 352 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| MRI | 351 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| DAR | 344 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| EEF 94 | 331 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| Majoritarian Independent Committee | 319 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| MS | 316 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| VIA | 313 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| ISA | 310 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| VIENE | 308 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| Independent Solidarity | 301 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| LVP | 299 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| MIDV | 296 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| GRITO VECINAL | 278 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| New Republic | 271 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| FIC | 258 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| Independent Committee | 251 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| MIL | 247 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| AMIGOS DE ANZOATEC | 240 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| PODER 7 | 237 | 0.01 | 0 | – | |
| PENSAMIENTO NACION | 233 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| CRA | 226 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| CRA | 219 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| EPI | 218 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| MIIDEA | 207 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| REPO | 203 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| CIPREA | 202 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| MIRE | 199 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| GEVE | 198 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| GEIJM | 196 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| MNVI | 192 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| PINDD | 191 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| MAP | 188 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| RA | 179 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| GAP | 171 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| FIG | 139 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| CIN | 136 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| ORI | 129 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| MDV | 129 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| FUPSSB | 122 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| PPIM | 110 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| MINERO | 102 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| ARDE | 101 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| SOL | 99 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| MPN | 97 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| DCA | 95 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| LVY | 85 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| New Time | 82 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| VEA | 81 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| PEM | 81 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| BP | 80 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| MICA | 74 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| EEE | 74 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| MAI | 69 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| PEIPP | 58 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| MOPAIS | 57 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| MALU | 55 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| FEG | 52 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| CADEM | 43 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| CEMI | 29 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| MEIAMA | 24 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| MIPAYCA | 23 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| FOVE | 22 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| YIP | 16 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| Apureño Independent Movement | 11 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| OIPNR | 10 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| MAICITO | 10 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| OAP | 9 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| CIV | 8 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| MIIDEA | 4 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| JL | 4 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| AUV | 3 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| Republican Democratic Party | 1 | 0.00 | 0 | – | |
| Total | 4,711,218 | 100.00 | 203 | +2 | |
| Valid votes | 4,711,218 | 80.82 | |||
| Invalid/blank votes | 1,117,998 | 19.18 | |||
| Total votes | 5,829,216 | 100.00 | |||
| Registered voters/turnout | 9,688,795 | 60.16 | |||
| Source: Nohlen, Cavuta | |||||
Aftermath
[edit]Andrés Velásquez of Radical Cause gained 22%, and "filed complaints of irregularities, saying that officials from his party were prevented from witnessing vote counting."[9]
References
[edit]- ^ Dieter Nohlen (2005) Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume II, p555 ISBN 978-0-19-928358-3
- ^ Nohlen, p582
- ^ a b Landman, Todd (1995). "'El Chiripero' wins: the Venezuelan elections of 1993". Electoral Studies. 14 (1): 100–104. doi:10.1016/0261-3794(95)95776-7. ISSN 0261-3794.
- ^ Nohlen, p575
- ^ Nohlen, p556
- ^ a b c Crisp, BF % Rey, JC (2003) "The Sources of Electoral Reform in Venezuela", in Shugart, Matthew Soberg, and Martin P. Wattenberg, Mixed-Member Electoral Systems - The Best of Both Worlds?, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003. pp. 173-194(22)
- ^ Crisp and Rey(2003:189)
- ^ Crisp and Rey (2003:188)
- ^ Venezuela Apparently Returns Former President to Power Los Angeles Times, 6 December 1993
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