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2016 Austrian presidential election

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2016 Austrian presidential election
← 2010 24 April 2016 (first round)
22 May 2016 (second round, annulled)
4 December 2016 (second round, re-run)		 2022 →
 
Candidate Alexander Van der Bellen Norbert Hofer
Party Independent (Greens) FPÖ
Popular vote 2,472,892 2,124,661
Percentage 53.79% 46.21%
President before election

Heinz Fischer
Independent

Elected President

Alexander Van der Bellen
Independent

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Presidential elections were held in Austria on 24 April 2016, with a second round run-off on 22 May 2016.[1] However, the results of the second round were annulled and a re-vote took place on 4 December 2016.[2][3]

Incumbent President Heinz Fischer had served two terms and was not eligible to be elected for a third successive term. In the first round of the election, Norbert Hofer of the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ) received the most votes. Alexander Van der Bellen, an independent candidate who formerly a member of both the Austrian Greens and the Social Democratic, placed second. The candidates of the two governing parties, the Social Democratic and Austrian People's parties, placed fourth and fifth respectively, behind independent Irmgard Griss in third place, which led to a government crisis and the resignation of Chancellor Werner Faymann. Since no candidate received a majority of the vote, Hofer and Van der Bellen went head-to-head in the second round in May. This was the first time since the Second World War that an Austrian president had not been backed by either the People's or the Social Democratic party.[4] During the run-off, Van der Bellen defeated Hofer on 23 May 2016 after the postal ballots had been counted.[5]

On 1 July, the results of the second round of voting were annulled after the results in 20 of the 117 administrative districts were challenged, and the Constitutional Court of Austria found that Austrian electoral law had been disregarded in 14 of them. The Court found that over 77,900 absentee votes were improperly counted too early, without any indication of votes having been fraudulently manipulated, however.[6] The second round re-vote was planned on 2 October, but was postponed to 4 December 2016.[2][3]

Van der Bellen ultimately won the second round re-vote with 53.8% of the vote and a voter turnout of 74.2%.[7] Hofer conceded the race to Van der Bellen when the result had become apparent shortly after polls closed.[8] Van der Bellen was sworn in as the twelfth president of Austria on 26 January 2017.[9]

Electoral system

[edit]

The president of Austria is directly elected by universal adult suffrage once every six years. The election is held under a two-round system; if no candidate receives more than 50% of votes cast in the first round, then a second ballot occurs in which only those two candidates who received the greatest number of votes in the first round may stand. The constitution grants the president the power to appoint the chancellor and, by extension, federal cabinet ministers, Supreme Court justices, military officers, and most major bureaucrats. The president may dissolve the National Council. In practice, however, the president acts as a figurehead.

Candidates

[edit]

Social Democratic Party (SPÖ)

[edit]

The most likely candidate of the Social Democratic Party was considered to be Labour Minister Rudolf Hundstorfer, though President of the National Council Doris Bures, former Chancellor Franz Vranitzky and former undersecretary for EU affairs Brigitte Ederer [de] were also mentioned.[10][11] On 15 January 2016, Hundstorfer was officially announced as the SPÖ's candidate.[12]

Social Democratic Party of Austria
Social Democratic Party of Austria
Rudolf Hundstorfer
Minister of Social Affairs
(2008–2016)

Austrian People's Party (ÖVP)

[edit]

Justice Minister Wolfgang Brandstetter declined to stand on 26 December 2015.[13] On 7 January 2016, ÖVP leader Reinhold Mitterlehner announced that Erwin Pröll, the Landeshauptmann of Lower Austria, would not be running.[14] Josef Pühringer, Landeshauptmann of Upper Austria declined to stand on 8 January 2016,[citation needed] as did former European Commissioner Franz Fischler and Member of the European Parliament Othmar Karas. President of the Austrian Federal Economic Chamber Christoph Leitl only said he would not comment before the announcement by the party leadership on 10 January 2016.[15] Controversial former chancellor Wolfgang Schüssel was briefly considered as a candidate, but he also declined.[16] Other names mentioned were former Science Minister and university professor Karlheinz Töchterle [de], former Foreign Minister Ursula Plassnik and former Raiffeisen Zentralbank manager Christian Konrad [de].[17][18][19] On 10 January 2016, former first president of the National Council Andreas Khol was announced as the ÖVP's candidate.[20]

Austrian People's Party
Austrian People's Party
Andreas Khol
President of the National Council
(2002–2006)

Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ)

[edit]

Norbert Hofer, who serves as the Third President of the National Council, had been considered the most likely Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ) candidate. On 28 December 2015 he said that he considered himself too young for the office and that he would prefer his party to pick someone else as its candidate.[21] Other possible candidates included President of the Austrian Court of Audit Josef Moser, former Mayor of Vienna's 1st district Ursula Stenzel,[22] ombudsman Peter Fichtenbauer[23] and possibly party leader Heinz-Christian Strache himself.[24] As of 11 January 2016, Fichtenbauer, Moser and Stenzel continued to be the most likely candidates.[25] Strache announced on 13 January 2016 that he would not be running himself, and that it was still open whether the FPÖ would nominate anyone at all.[26] In mid-January, Vienna Vice-Mayor Johann Gudenus and former FPÖ leader and former Vice-Chancellor Norbert Steger were also mentioned as possible candidates.[27] On 19 January 2016, author and Middle East/migration pundit Karin Kneissl was mentioned as being recruited by the FPÖ to run,[28] which she quickly declined.[29]

On 20 January 2016, media reported that Gudenus had been internally selected as the FPÖ's candidate;[30] on 26 January 2016, reports claimed Stenzel would be announced on 28 January 2016 as the FPÖ's candidate.[31] Amid strong FPÖ-internal dissent, there were rumours the party leadership had been forced to reconsider, and that Hofer was now the most likely option, after all,[32] with Gudenus also still in play.[33] Commentators opined that the backtracking was a notable defeat for Strache.[34][35] Hofer was announced as the FPÖ's candidate on 28 January 2016.[36]

Freedom Party of Austria
Freedom Party of Austria
Norbert Hofer
Third President of the National Council
(2013–2017)

Alexander Van der Bellen (Independent)

[edit]

In early January 2016, it was announced that former Greens party leader and former Social Democratic party member Alexander Van der Bellen would run as an independent candidate. [37] Van der Bellen announced his candidacy on 8 January 2016.[38] Van der Bellen suspended his party membership of Greens before the election to demonstrate his independence. In spite of this, the Greens continued to be a leading supporter of Van der Bellen's campaign.

The NEOS – The New Austria and Liberal Forum leader Strolz stated that they would consider giving him the same support as Griss, depending on the same kind of hearing she went through.[39]

Alexander Van der Bellen
Spokesperson of the Green Party
(1997–2008)

Other candidates

[edit]

Independent candidate Irmgard Griss, a former Supreme Court of Justice judge and its president, declared her candidacy on 17 December 2015. She presented her candidacy to the Freedom Party of Austria and NEOS, but both declined to endorse her.[40] NEOS said they would support Griss and any other independent candidates indirectly, and voiced their concerns over the strong partisan politicization of the presidential office and the election campaign.[41] NEOS leader Matthias Strolz stated on 9 February 2016 that NEOS might also support Van der Bellen, voicing his preference for a run-off election between Griss and Van der Bellen.[42]

Richard Lugner, society figure, businessman and candidate for president in 1998, was reported to be considering running again,[43] and stated on 8 February 2016 that he would very likely be running.[44] He announced his candidacy on 10 February 2016, citing a poll carried out for him by the Humaninstitut which showed him on 10% (behind Van der Bellen on 27%, Hundstorfer on 18%, Hofer on 17%, Griss at 15% and Khol on 13%).[45]

Martin Wabl, who had attempted to run in 1998, 2004 and 2010, but failed to gather the necessary number of signatures of support, said he would try to run again.[46] Ulrich Habsburg-Lothringen, whose initiative to repeal the so-called Habsburg Paragraph, which had precluded members of the former ruling house from running for president, proved successful in 2011, stated he would like to run for president, but only if a political party decided to support him.[47] Adrien Jean-Pierre Luxemburg-Wellenstein announced on 8 December 2015 he would run for president.[48] Author El Awadalla [de] announced her run on 12 January 2016.[49] Krems activist Franz Stieger announced his candidacy on 13 January 2016.[50] Further independent candidates who announced their runs were Gustav Jobstmann,[51] Thomas Unden,[52] Gernot Pointner,[53] Alois Merz,[54] Georg Zakrajsek of the Interessengemeinschaft Liberales Waffenrecht Österreich,[55] Karin Kolland,[56] Robert Marschall [de] of the EU Exit Party,[57] Thomas Reitmayer of the Austrian version of the satirical political party Die PARTEI,[58] Erich Körner-Lakatos and Peter Fetz.

At the half-way point for collecting signatures, it appeared that only the five major candidates and possibly Lugner and Awadalla had a chance of making the ballot.[59]

Signatures

[edit]

Griss was the first candidate to submit the necessary number of signatures (6,000) at the Interior Ministry, submitting 7,851 on 8 March 2016.[60] By 11 March 2016, she had collected over 10,000 signatures.[61] By 16 March 2016, two days before the deadline, the five main candidates had submitted their signatures, with Awadalla still having outside chances to make it and Lugner likely to fall short.[62]

Surprising many observers, Marschall announced on 17 March 2016 that he had gathered the required number of signatures,[63] though it was unclear whether he would be using the grace period of three days to reach the required number; Lugner also submitted his bid, but falling short of the required signatures, promising to submit the remaining number within the grace period. Besides these two, only the five main candidates submitted successful bids.[64] On 19 March 2016, it was announced that the five main candidates had submitted the necessary number of signatures, and that neither Lugner nor Marschall had (so far).[65] As expected by many analysts, Lugner claimed on 22 March 2016 to have made up the deficit, with Marschall clearly failing,[66] having gathered only 1,150 signatures.[67]

Voter statistics

[edit]
Official ballot paper for the first round of voting

According to the federal election commission, 6,382,507 Austrian citizens aged 16 or over are eligible to vote in the presidential election. Compared with the 2010 presidential election, the number of eligible voters increased by 26,707 – or 0.4% . There are 3,301,628 women and 3,080,879 men eligible to vote. 42,830 Austrians living abroad are also included in these numbers as being eligible to vote.[68] In the first round of voting, 641,975 absentee ballots were issued – up from 373,902 in 2010. For the runoff, a record number of 885,437 absentee ballots were issued.[69][70]

Eligible voters by state:

  • Burgenland: 232,028
  • Carinthia: 440,435
  • Lower Austria: 1,283,676
  • Upper Austria: 1,099,420
  • Salzburg: 393,583
  • Styria: 969,487
  • Tyrol: 540,132
  • Vorarlberg: 269,940
  • Vienna: 1,153,806

Opinion polls

[edit]
Main article: Opinion polling for the Austrian presidential election, 2016

Results

[edit]
Constitutional Court hearings on the FPÖ's election challenge (20–23 June)

Hofer, the Freedom Party candidate, led in the first round of the election on 24 April with an unexpectedly strong 35 percent of the vote.[71] Van der Bellen came second with 21 percent, and since Hofer failed to gain an absolute majority the election proceeded to a run-off vote between the two, scheduled for 22 May. Independent Irmgard Griss came third with 19 percent, while Khol and Hundstorfer, representing the two governing parties, polled 11 percent each. Johannes Pollak described the result as a "political earthquake"[72] and the Financial Times reported an "historic upset".[71][need quotation to verify]

The provisional result on 22 May gave Hofer 51.9% of the votes, not counting the absentee ballots, which were expected[by whom?] to favour Van der Bellen. Hence the outcome remained unclear pending the counting of absentee ballots on Monday 23 May.[73][74] The final result, including absentee ballots, gave Van der Bellen 50.3%. He was to succeed Heinz Fischer as president on 8 July 2016.[75] This was the first time a phenomenon akin to blue shift was widely discussed publicly in an Austrian election.

The Kronen Zeitung reported some election irregularities, such as a 146.9% turnout in Waidhofen an der Ybbs and another impossible result in Linz.[76] According to the head of the Interior Ministry's election department, Robert Stein, the results (which were simply a reporting error) were to be corrected in the official results.[76] FPÖ officials highlighted the discrepancies, but Hofer dismissed any suggestion of electoral fraud.[77]

On 8 June the FPÖ announced that they would contest the outcome in the Constitutional Court. Between 20 and 23 June the Constitutional Court questioned some 90 witnesses, mostly election officials from district election commissions.[78] A ruling by the Constitutional Court was expected before 8 July, determining whether to organize a repeat vote in certain regions. Because of the complexity of the FPÖ's lawsuit, it also had been possible that ruling could come after 8 July. As a consequence, Alexander Van der Bellen's inauguration was to be postponed until a later date.[79]

On 1 July the Constitutional Court declared the second round of the election annulled, requiring a repeat of the election.[80] The three presidents of the National Council (Doris Bures – SPÖ, Karlheinz Kopf – ÖVP, Norbert Hofer – FPÖ) were designated to collectively serve as acting presidents of Austria, starting after President Heinz Fischer's term ended on 8 July and until the inauguration of the new president.[79]

Chart of first-round vote

  Hofer (35.1%)
  Van der Bellen (21.3%)
  Griss (18.9%)
  Hundstorfer (11.3%)
  Khol (11.1%)
  Lugner (2.3%)
CandidatePartyFirst roundSecond round (annulled)Second round (re-run)
Votes%Votes%Votes%
Norbert HoferFreedom Party of Austria1,499,97135.052,220,65449.652,124,66146.21
Alexander Van der BellenIndependent (The Greens)913,21821.342,251,51750.352,472,89253.79
Irmgard GrissIndependent810,64118.94
Rudolf HundstorferSocial Democratic Party of Austria482,79011.28
Andreas KholAustrian People's Party475,76711.12
Richard LugnerIndependent96,7832.26
Total4,279,170100.004,472,171100.004,597,553100.00
Valid votes4,279,17097.884,472,17196.444,597,55396.80
Invalid/blank votes92,6552.12164,8753.56151,8513.20
Total votes4,371,825100.004,637,046100.004,749,404100.00
Registered voters/turnout6,382,50768.506,382,50772.656,399,57274.21
Source: Bundesministerium für Inneres

First round results by state, district and municipality

[edit]
Results of the first round of the election by state (left), district (centre) and municipality (right):
Results by state[81]
State Griss Hofer Hundstorfer Khol Lugner Van der Bellen Valid
votes
Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes % Total
 Burgenland 21,870 12.44 73,676 41.90 30,802 17.52 22,910 13.03 3,317 1.89 23,278 13.24 175,853
 Carinthia 65,400 22.92 110,776 38.83 38,714 13.57 19,782 6.93 9,704 3.40 40,934 14.35 285,310
 Lower Austria 168,148 17.47 342,568 35.59 114,577 11.90 136,697 14.20 26,064 2.71 174,569 18.13 962,623
 Salzburg 47,856 17.97 99,476 37.35 26,200 9.84 35,038 13.15 6,054 2.27 51,735 19.42 266,359
 Styria 143,176 21.76 255,552 38.84 67,945 10.33 63,866 9.71 13,511 2.05 113,877 17.31 657,927
 Tyrol 59,372 19.24 109,552 35.51 18,796 6.09 38,969 12.63 6,660 2.16 75,190 24.37 308,539
 Upper Austria 131,013 17.47 263,487 35.13 88,419 11.79 99,432 13.26 14,259 1.90 153,436 20.46 750,046
 Vienna 138,577 19.09 200,933 27.67 91,030 12.54 43,627 6.01 14,131 1.95 237,765 32.75 726,063
 Vorarlberg 35,229 24.06 43,951 30.01 6,307 4.31 15,446 10.55 3,083 2.11 42,434 28.98 146,450
Total valid 810,641 18.94 1,499,971 35.05 482,790 11.28 475,767 11.12 96,783 2.26 913,218 21.34 4,279,170

Second round results by state, district and municipality (annulled)

[edit]
Results of the second round of the election by state (left), district (centre) and municipality (right):
  Norbert Hofer
  Alexander Van der Bellen
Results by state of the second election on 22 May 2016 (annulled)[82]
State Hofer Van der Bellen Valid
votes
Votes % Votes % Total
 Burgenland 107,128 61.43 67,249 38.57 174,377
 Carinthia 169,564 58.10 122,299 41.90 291,863
 Lower Austria 511,010 52.65 459,655 47.35 970,665
 Salzburg 144,938 52.80 129,569 47.20 274,507
 Styria 381,955 56.22 297,400 43.78 679,355
 Tyrol 169,587 48.61 179,281 51.39 348,868
 Upper Austria 376,647 48.68 397,119 51.32 773,766
 Vienna 288,608 36.68 498,168 63.32 786,776
 Vorarlberg 71,217 41.41 100,777 58.59 171,994
Total valid 2,220,654 49.65 2,251,517 50.35 4,472,171

Second round (re-run) results by state, district and municipality

[edit]
Results of the re-run of the second round of the election by state (left), district (centre) and municipality (right):
  Norbert Hofer
  Alexander Van der Bellen
Results by state of the second election on 4 December 2016[7]
State Hofer Van der Bellen Valid
votes
Votes % Votes % Total
 Burgenland 102,147 58.13 73,581 41.87 175,728
 Carinthia 167,425 54.59 139,276 45.41 306,701
 Lower Austria 485,874 49.34 498,849 50.66 984,723
 Salzburg 135,483 48.03 146,616 51.97 282,099
 Styria 363,778 52.74 325,960 47.26 689,738
 Tyrol 166,650 45.31 201,160 54.69 367,810
 Upper Austria 356,619 44.73 440,631 55.27 797,250
 Vienna 278,894 34.32 533,697 65.68 812,591
 Vorarlberg 67,791 37.45 113,122 62.53 180,913
Total valid 2,124,661 46.21 2,472,892 53.79 4,597,553

Result cancelled

[edit]

On 8 June, FPÖ chairman Heinz-Christian Strache brought a 152-page appeal to the Constitutional Court.[83] Strache claimed that more than 30,000 votes had been prematurely tallied, more than 50,000 votes had been counted by unauthorized personnel. Also, there was a pre-sorting of absentee ballots (500,000 of them) into two batches - void ballots and countable ballots (this is permissible as long as both batches are then re-checked by the commission).[84] Other charges included minors and non-citizens having been allowed to vote.[85] The Austrian Interior Ministry acknowledged some irregularities but said that the number of votes affected was not enough to overturn the results. "There was sloppiness", said Interior Minister Wolfgang Sobotka.[86]

Counsel for Van der Bellen argued that the irregularities would have had only an "insignificant" impact on results, while lawyers for the FPÖ said they could have affected the results of the election.[87] But on 1 July, since Hofer had lost to Van der Bellen by 30,863 votes and the Court found that more than twice that number (77,926[87]) had been affected by breaches of the electoral code,[86] The Constitutional Court ordered that the second round be held again.[85] Noting the irregularities, the Court said in a statement: "It is completely clear to the Constitutional Court that laws regulating an election must be rigorously applied ... This must rule out abuse and manipulations."[88]

Before the Court's ruling, Van der Bellen was scheduled to be sworn in as president on 9 July. Elections were set for 2 October 2016.[89] Until then, outgoing Austrian president Heinz Fischer would be replaced on an interim basis by the three presidents of the National Council, a "National President Council", of which Hofer is the third member.[87] Van der Bellen said that Austrians were "shocked and unsettled" by the Court's ruling, but that he expected to win a second time.[88]

On 12 September the Federal Minister of the Interior, Wolfgang Sobotka, announced that due to faulty glue in the voting envelopes, the rerun of the second round was postponed until 4 December 2016.[3][90] He also said that Austrian law allowed the election to be postponed only in case of death of a candidate, therefore the decision had to be made by parliament.[91] The delay also allowed for some young Austrians who turned 16 after May to vote in the rerun.[90] FPÖ Chairman Heinz-Christian Strache criticized postponing the elections, claiming it was done by political opponents because Hofer was doing well in the polls.[92]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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[1]

[edit]

Media related to Presidential election in Austria, 2016 at Wikimedia Commons

  1. ^ "2016 Austrian Election Results" (PDF). old.robert-schuman.eu.
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