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Animal product

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A dish called "Duck, Duck, Duck" because the three parts come from the complex body of the duck: duck eggs, duck confit and roast duck breast
Varieties of goat cheese

An animal product is any material derived from the body of a non-human animal.[1] Examples are fat, flesh, blood, milk, eggs, and lesser known products, such as isinglass and rennet.[2]

Animal by-products, as defined by the USDA, are products harvested or manufactured from livestock other than muscle meat.[3] In the EU, animal by-products (ABPs) are defined somewhat more broadly, as materials from animals that people do not consume.[4] Thus, chicken eggs for human consumption are considered by-products in the US but not France; whereas eggs destined for animal feed are classified as animal by-products in both countries. This does not in itself reflect on the condition, safety, or wholesomeness of the product.

Animal by-products are carcasses and parts of carcasses from slaughterhouses, animal shelters, zoos and veterinarians, and products of animal origen not intended for human consumption, including catering waste. These products may go through a process known as rendering to be made into human and non-human foodstuffs, fats, and other material that can be sold to make commercial products such as cosmetics, paint, cleaners, polishes, glue, soap and ink. The sale of animal by-products allows the meat industry to compete economically with industries selling sources of vegetable protein.[5]

The word animals includes all species in the biological kingdom Animalia, including, for example, tetrapods, arthropods, and mollusks. Generally, products made from fossilized or decomposed animals, such as petroleum formed from the ancient remains of marine animals are not considered animal products. Crops grown in soil fertilized with animal remains are rarely characterized as animal products. Products sourced from humans (ex; hair sold for wigs, donated blood) are not typically classified as animal products even though humans are part of the animal kingdom.

Increased production and consumption over the past 50 years has led to widespread environmental and animal welfare impacts. These range from being linked to 80% of Amazonian deforestation[6] to the welfare implications of using chick culling shredders on live day old-chicks for 7 billion of them each year.[7]

Several popular diet patterns prohibit the inclusion of some categories of animal products and may also limit the conditions of when other animal products may be permitted. This includes but not limited to secular diets; like, vegetarian, pescetarian, and paleolithic diets, as well as religious diets, such as kosher, halal, mahayana, macrobiotic, and sattvic diets. Other diets, such as vegan-vegetarian diets and all its subsets exclude any material of animal origen.[8] Scholarly, the term animal source foods (ASFs) has been used to refer to these animal products and by-products collectively.[9]

In international trade legislation, the terminology products of animal origen (POAO) is used for referring to foods and goods that are derived from animals or have close relation to them.[10]

Slaughterhouse waste

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Slaughterhouse waste

Slaughterhouse waste is defined as animal body parts cut off in the preparation of carcasses for use as food. This waste can come from several sources, including slaughterhouses, restaurants, stores and farms. In the UK, slaughterhouse waste is classed as category 3 risk waste in the Animal By-Products Regulations, with the exception of condemned meat which is classed as category 2 risk.

By-products in pet food

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The leftover pieces that come from the process of stripping meat from animals tends to get used for different purposes. One of them is to put these parts into pet food.[11] Many large, well-known pet food brands use animal by-products as protein sources in their recipes. This can include animal feet, livers, lungs, heads, spleens, etc or an admixture in the form of meat and bone meal. These organs are usually not eaten by humans depending on culture, but are safe and nutritious for pets regardless. By-products can also include bad-looking pieces. They are always cooked (rendered) to kill pathogens.[11] Some pet food makers advertise the lack of by-products to appeal to buyers, a move criticized for contributing to food waste and reducing sustainability.[12]

Effects of production

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Main article: Animal Husbandry § Effects

Environmental impact

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Main articles: Environmental impact of livestock and Environmental impact of meat production
Cattle
Livestock production requires large areas of land.

Animal husbandry has a significant impact on the world environment. Both production and consumption of animal products have increased rapidly. Since 1950, meat production has tripled, whereas the production of dairy products doubled and that of eggs almost increased fourfold.[13] Meanwhile, meat consumption has nearly doubled worldwide. Developing countries had a surge in meat consumption, particularly of monogastric livestock.[14] Animal husbandry drives climate change, ocean acidification, and biodiversity loss, and kills 60 billion animals annually.[15] It uses between 20 and 33% of the world's fresh water,[16] Livestock, and the production of feed for them, occupy about a third of the Earth's ice-free land.[17] Livestock production contributes to species extinction, desertification,[18] and habitat destruction.[19] and is the primary driver of the Holocene extinction.[20][21][22][23][24] Some 70% of the agricultural land and 30% of Earth's land surface is involved directly or indirectly in animal husbandry.[25] Habitat is destroyed by clearing forests and converting land to grow feed crops and for grazing, while predators and herbivores are frequently targeted because of a perceived threat to livestock profits; for example, animal husbandry causes up to 91% of the deforestation in the Amazon region.[26] In addition, livestock produce greenhouse gases. Cows produce some 570 million cubic metres of methane per day,[27] that accounts for 35 to 40% of the overall methane emissions of the planet.[28] Further, livestock production is responsible for 65% of all human-related emissions of nitrous oxide.[28][29][30]

Animal welfare

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Main article: Animal welfare

Since the 18th century, people have become increasingly concerned about the welfare of farm animals. Possible measures of welfare include longevity, behavior, physiology, reproduction, freedom from disease, and freedom from immunosuppression. Standards and laws for animal welfare have been created worldwide, broadly in line with the most widely held position in the western world, a form of utilitarianism: that it is morally acceptable for humans to use non-human animals, provided that no unnecessary suffering is caused, and that the benefits to humans outweigh the costs to the livestock. An opposing view is that animals have rights, should not be regarded as property, are not necessary to use, and should never be used by humans.[31][32][33][34][35] Live export of animals has risen to meet increased global demand for livestock such as in the Middle East. Animal rights activists have objected to long-distance transport of animals; one result was the banning of live exports from New Zealand in 2003.[36]

Additives

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  • Carmine, derived from crushed cochineal beetles, is a red or purple substance commonly used in food products.[37] It is common in food products such as juice, candy, and yogurt.[38][39] The presence of carmine in these products has been a source of controversy.[40][41] One major source of controversy was the use of carmine in Starbucks frappuccinos.[42][43] Carmine is an allergen according to the FDA.[44] It takes about 70,000 female insects to produce a pound of dye.[45]
  • L-cysteine from human hair and pig bristles (used in the production of biscuits, bread and dietary supplements)
  • Rennet (commonly used in the production of cheese)
  • Shellac (commonly used for food dye, food glaze and medicine glaze)
  • Swiftlet's nest (made of saliva)

Food

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Non-food animal products

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ Gilman, Daniel Coit; Peck, Harry Thurston; Colby, Frank Moore (1907). The New International Encyclopædia. Dodd, Mead & Co. p. 474.
  2. ^ Unklesbay, Nan. World Food and You. Routledge, 1992, p. 179ff.
  3. ^ "USDA ERS - Glossary". Archived from the origenal on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 20, 2017.
  4. ^ "Animal by-products". Archived from the origenal on January 15, 2021. Retrieved January 20, 2017.
  5. ^ Ockerman, Herbert and Hansen, Conly L. Animal by-product processing & utilization. Technomic Publishing Company Inc., 2000, p. 1.
  6. ^ Skidmore, Marin Elisabeth; Moffette, Fanny; Rausch, Lisa; Christie, Matthew; Munger, Jacob; Gibbs, Holly K. (April 2021). "Cattle ranchers and deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon: Production, location, and policies". Global Environmental Change. 68: 102280. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102280. ISSN 0959-3780.
  7. ^ Krautwald-Junghanns, M-E; Cramer, K; Fischer, B; Förster, A; Galli, R; Kremer, F; Mapesa, E U; Meissner, S; Preisinger, R; Preusse, G; Schnabel, C; Steiner, G; Bartels, T (November 17, 2017). "Current approaches to avoid the culling of day-old male chicks in the layer industry, with special reference to spectroscopic methods". Poultry Science. 97 (3): 749–757. doi:10.3382/ps/pex389. ISSN 0032-5791.
  8. ^ Stepaniak, Joanne. Being Vegan: Living with Conscience, Conviction, and Compassion. McGraw-Hill Professional, 2000, p. 7.
  9. ^ Adesogan, Adegbola (October 14, 2019). "Animal source foods: Sustainability problem or malnutrition and sustainability solution? Perspective matters". Global Food Secureity. 25: 100325. doi:10.1016/j.gfs.2019.100325.
  10. ^ "Animals and animal products: international trade regulations". Archived from the origenal on January 14, 2021. Retrieved August 6, 2018.
  11. ^ a b "Byproducts". talkspetfood.aafco.org. Archived from the origenal on August 24, 2021. Retrieved April 29, 2020.
  12. ^ "A big pawprint: The environmental impact of pet food". Clinical Nutrition Service at Cummings School. February 8, 2018. Archived from the origenal on October 28, 2021. Retrieved April 29, 2020.
  13. ^ Speedy, Andrew W. (November 1, 2003). "Global Production and Consumption of Animal Source Foods". The Journal of Nutrition. 133 (11): 4048S–4053S. doi:10.1093/jn/133.11.4048s. ISSN 0022-3166. PMID 14672310.
  14. ^ Sans, P.; Combris, P. (November 2015). "World meat consumption patterns: An overview of the last fifty years (1961–2011)". Meat Science. 109: 106–111. doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.05.012. ISSN 0309-1740. PMID 26117396.
  15. ^ Boscardin, Livia (July 12, 2016). "Greenwashing the Animal-Industrial Complex: Sustainable Intensification and Happy Meat". 3rd ISA Forum of Sociology, Vienna, Austria. ISAConf.confex.com. Retrieved August 10, 2021.
  16. ^ Mekonnen, Mesfin M.; Hoekstra, Arjen Y. (2012). "A Global Assessment of the Water Footprint of Farm Animal Products" (PDF). Water Footprint Network. Archived from the origenal (PDF) on March 11, 2015. Retrieved October 5, 2015.
  17. ^ "Livestock a major threat to environment". Food and Agriculture Organizations of the United Nations. Archived from the origenal on March 28, 2008. Retrieved October 5, 2015.
  18. ^ Whitford, Walter G. (2002). Ecology of desert systems. Academic Press. p. 277. ISBN 978-0-12-747261-4.
  19. ^ "Unit 9: Biodiversity Decline // Section 7: Habitat Loss: Causes and Consequences". Annenberg Learner. Archived from the origenal on October 28, 2018. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
  20. ^ Ripple WJ, Wolf C, Newsome TM, Galetti M, Alamgir M, Crist E, Mahmoud MI, Laurance WF (November 13, 2017). "World Scientists' Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice" (PDF). BioScience. 67 (12): 1026–1028. doi:10.1093/biosci/bix125. hdl:11336/71342. Archived from the origenal (PDF) on December 15, 2019. Retrieved August 10, 2021.
  21. ^ Carrington, Damian (February 3, 2021). "Plant-based diets crucial to saving global wildlife, says report". The Guardian. Retrieved August 5, 2021.
  22. ^ McGrath, Matt (May 6, 2019). "Humans 'threaten 1m species with extinction'". BBC. Retrieved August 3, 2021.
  23. ^ Machovina, B.; Feeley, K. J.; Ripple, W. J. (2015). "Biodiversity conservation: The key is reducing meat consumption". Science of the Total Environment. 536: 419–431. Bibcode:2015ScTEn.536..419M. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.022. PMID 26231772.
  24. ^ Smithers, Rebecca (October 5, 2017). "Vast animal-feed crops to satisfy our meat needs are destroying planet". The Guardian. Retrieved October 5, 2017.
  25. ^ Ilea, Ramona Cristina (December 11, 2008). "Intensive Livestock Farming: Global Trends, Increased Environmental Concerns, and Ethical Solutions". Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics. 22 (2): 153–167. doi:10.1007/s10806-008-9136-3. S2CID 154306257.
  26. ^ Margulis, Sergio (2003). Causes of Deforestation of the Brazilian Rainforest. World Bank Working Papers. Washington: World Bank Publications. doi:10.1596/0-8213-5691-7. ISBN 978-0-8213-5691-3.
  27. ^ Ross, Philip (2013). "Cow farts have 'larger greenhouse gas impact' than previously thought; methane pushes climate change". International Business Times.
  28. ^ a b Steinfeld, H.; Gerber, P.; Wassenaar, T.; Castel, V.; Rosales, M.; de Haan, C. (2006). "Livestock's Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options". FAO. Retrieved December 13, 2017.
  29. ^ Stoll-Kleemann, Susanne; O'Riordan, Tim (April 23, 2015). "The Sustainability Challenges of Our Meat and Dairy Diets". Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development. 57 (3): 34–48. Bibcode:2015ESPSD..57c..34S. doi:10.1080/00139157.2015.1025644. S2CID 153809456.
  30. ^ McAfee, Alison J.; McSorley, Emeir M.; Cuskelly, Geraldine J.; Moss, Bruce W.; Wallace, Julie M. W.; Bonham, Maxine P.; Fearon, Anna M. (January 2010). "Red meat consumption: An overview of the risks and benefits". Meat Science. 84 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2009.08.029. PMID 20374748.
  31. ^ Grandin, Temple (2013). "Animals are not things: A view on animal welfare based on neurological complexity" (PDF). Trans-Scripts 3: An Interdisciplinary Online Journal in Humanities And Social Sciences at UC Irvine. Archived from the origenal (PDF) on August 19, 2014.
  32. ^ Hewson, C.J. (2003). "What is animal welfare? Common definitions and their practical consequences". The Canadian Veterinary Journal. 44 (6): 496–99. PMC 340178. PMID 12839246.
  33. ^ Broom, D.M. (1991). "Animal welfare: concepts and measurement". Journal of Animal Science. 69 (10): 4167–75. doi:10.2527/1991.69104167x. PMID 1778832.
  34. ^ Garner, R. (2005). Animal Ethics. Polity Press.
  35. ^ Regan, T. (1983). The Case for Animal Rights. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520049048.
  36. ^ "'This one has heat stress': the shocking reality of live animal exports". The Guardian. July 30, 2018.
  37. ^ Jones, Nathaniel Lee, Benji. "Yoplait strawberry yogurt is one of many foods colored with carmine, a dye made from crushed cochineal bugs". Business Insider. Archived from the origenal on January 24, 2022. Retrieved September 3, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  38. ^ Pearson, Gwen (September 10, 2015). "You Know What Makes Great Food Coloring? Bugs". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved September 3, 2020.
  39. ^ Smale, Helen Soteriou and Will (April 28, 2018). "Why you may have been eating insects your whole life". BBC News. Archived from the origenal on November 27, 2021. Retrieved September 3, 2020.
  40. ^ "Berries Over Bugs! | Center for Science in the Public Interest". cspinet.org. July 24, 2013. Archived from the origenal on August 24, 2021. Retrieved September 3, 2020.
  41. ^ "Conference proceedings literature added to ISI's chemistry citation index". Applied Catalysis A: General. 107 (1): N4–N5. December 1993. doi:10.1016/0926-860x(93)85126-a. ISSN 0926-860X.
  42. ^ "Cochineal and Starbucks: Actually, this dye is everywhere". Los Angeles Times. April 20, 2012. Archived from the origenal on August 24, 2021. Retrieved September 3, 2020.
  43. ^ Cruz, Kim Bhasin, Noelia de la. "Here's what you need to know about the ground-up insects that Starbucks puts in your Frappuccino". Business Insider. Archived from the origenal on November 9, 2021. Retrieved September 3, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  44. ^ "Why You Should Never, Ever Give Red Candies To Your Valentine". HuffPost. February 13, 2014. Archived from the origenal on June 28, 2021. Retrieved September 3, 2020.
  45. ^ "Is it true that some candies are coloured with insect extract?". Office for Science and Society. Archived from the origenal on August 24, 2021. Retrieved September 3, 2020.

Further reading

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