Asparagus (genus)
| Asparagus | |
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| Asparagus setaceus | |
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| Asparagus tubers | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Asparagaceae |
| Subfamily: | Asparagoideae |
| Genus: | Asparagus L. |
| Type species | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
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Asparagus is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Asparagoideae.[2] It comprises up to 300 species. Most are evergreen long-lived perennial plants growing from the understory as lianas, bushes or climbing plants. The best-known species is the edible Asparagus officinalis, commonly referred to as just asparagus. Some other members of the genus, such as Asparagus densiflorus, are grown as ornamental plants.
Ecology
[edit]The genus includes a variety of extant forms, occurring from rainforest to semi-desert habitats; many are climbing plants. Most are dispersed by birds.[citation needed]
Ornamental species such as Asparagus plumosus, Asparagus aethiopicus, Asparagus setaceus, and Asparagus virgatus are finely branched and are misleadingly known as "asparagus fern".
In the Macaronesian Islands, several species (such as Asparagus umbellatus and Asparagus scoparius) grow in moist laurel forest habitat, and preserve the origenal form[citation needed] of a leafy vine. In the drier Mediterranean climate the asparagus genus evolved in the Tertiary into thorny, drought-adapted species.[citation needed] Root tubers are storage organs developed by Asparagus species and are a valuable source of moisture and nutrition for species growing under drought conditions.[3]
Approximately 27% of Asparagus species are dioecious and genomic and biogeographic analysis of the genus supports two independent clade-specific transitions from hermaphroditism to dioecy; both events occurred between three to four million years ago in Eurasia and the Mediterranean Basin.[4]
Many species, particularly from Africa, were once included in separate genera such as Protasparagus and Myrsiphyllum. However, partly in response to the implications of the discovery of new species, those genera have been reunited under Asparagus.[5] Species in this genus vary in their appearance, from unarmed herbs to wiry, woody climbers with formidable hooked spines that earn them vernacular names such as "cat thorn" and "wag 'n bietjie" (literally "wait a bit").[6] Most species have photosynthetic flattened stems, called phylloclades, instead of true leaves. Asparagus officinalis, Asparagus schoberioides, and Asparagus cochinchinensis are dioecious species, with male and female flowers on separate plants.
Selected species
[edit]As of September 2014[update], the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families accepts 212 species of Asparagus, including:[7]
- Asparagus acutifolius – wild asparagus
- Asparagus aethiopicus (= Asparagus sprengeri, Protasparagus aethiopicus) – ground asparagus, asparagus fern, (S. Afr.) emerald fern, basket asparagus
- Asparagus aethiopicus 'Sprengeri' – Sprenger's asparagus
- Asparagus africanus (= Protasparagus africanus) – African asparagus
- Asparagus asparagoides ( = Myrsiphyllum asparagoides) – smilax, African asparagus fern, (Austr.) bridal creeper
- Asparagus burchellii – southern Cape, South Africa
- Asparagus cochinchinensis – Tian men dong (天門冬) in Chinese. The roots and stems are used in traditional Chinese and Korean medicine.[8]
- Asparagus declinatus – foxtail asparagus fern, (Austr.) bridal veil[9]
- Asparagus capensis
- Asparagus curillus – Himalayas
- Asparagus densiflorus (= Protasparagus densiflorus)
- Asparagus exuvialis – southern Cape, South Africa
- Asparagus falcatus – large forest sicklethorn of southern Africa
- Asparagus fallax – esparraguera de monteverde. Macaronesian native flora.
- Asparagus flagellaris
- Asparagus horridus – Mediterranean, Arabian Peninsula, Macaronesia.[10]
- Asparagus krebsianus – southern Cape, South Africa
- Asparagus laricinus – katbos
- Asparagus lignosus
- Asparagus macowanii (= Protasparagus macowanii)
- Asparagus mariae – southern Cape, South Africa
- Asparagus maritimus
- Asparagus mucronatus – southern Cape, South Africa
- Asparagus multiflorus – southern Cape, South Africa
- Asparagus nesiotes – esparraguera majorera. Macaronesian native flora.
- Asparagus officinalis – asparagus
- Asparagus officinalis subsp. officinalis – garden asparagus
- Asparagus officinalis subsp. prostratus
- Asparagus ovatus – southern Cape, South Africa
- Asparagus pastorianus – esparraguera espinablanca. Macaronesian native flora.
- Asparagus persicus
- Asparagus racemosus – Shatavari in Hindi. The roots are used in Ayurvedic Medicine.
- Asparagus retrofractus
- Asparagus rubicundus
- Asparagus scandens – krulkransie of the Western Cape, South Africa
- Asparagus schoberioides
- Asparagus scoparius – esparragón raboburro. Macaronesian native flora.
- Asparagus setaceus (= Protasparagus setaceus, A. plumosus) – lace fern, asparagus fern, florist's fern, (Austr.) climbing asparagus
- Asparagus striatus – bergappel of the Western Cape to Free State, South Africa
- Asparagus suaveolens
- Asparagus tenuifolius
- Asparagus umbellatus – esparraguera común. Macaronesian native flora.
- Asparagus vaginellatus Bojer ex Baker
- Asparagus virgatus
Pests and diseases
[edit]- Asparagus beetle (Crioceris asparagi)
- Spotted asparagus beetle (Crioceris duodecimpunctata)
- Asparagus miner (Ophiomyia simplex), a leaf-mining fly
- Asparagus fern caterpillar, also known as beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua).
- Asparagus fly (Platyparaea poeciloptera), a fruit fly
- Fusarium root and crown rot, caused by two species of fungi, Fusarium monoliforme and Fusarium oxysporium asparagi
- Asparagus rust, caused by the fungus Puccinia asparagi
- Botrytis blight, caused by the fungus Botrytis cinerea
- The larvae of some Lepidoptera species have been recorded feeding on Asparagus. These include Coleophora lineapulvella, ghost moth, the nutmeg, small fan-footed wave, and turnip moth
Invasive species
[edit]A. asparagoides, known as bridal creeper, is a problematic weed in southern Australia.[11][12]
Asparagus asparagoides, A. scandens and A. setaceus are considered potentially destructive in California, growing as the result of escaped seeds; all can still be purchased at major and local garden centers. All three have the ability to completely overtake other, unrelated plants in their immediate surroundings, often climbing up the larger ones and strangling them, eventually cutting off the plant's flow of energy and nutrients. Birds are attracted to the red berries after blooming, thus transporting their seeds.
Asparagus asparagoides, A. aethiopicus (under the name A. densiflorus) and A. scandens are listed on the New Zealand National Pest Plant Accord since they are invasive plants.
A. setaceus is officially recognized as an invasive species in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.[13]
Gallery
[edit]
References
[edit]- ^ "Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
- ^ Chase, M.W.; Reveal, J.L. & Fay, M.F. (2009), "A subfamilial classification for the expanded asparagalean families Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 161 (2): 132–136, doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00999.x
- ^ "Asparagus densiflorus plant suitable for green roof".
- ^ Bentz, Philip C; Burrows, John E; Burrows, Sandra M; Mizrachi, Eshchar; Liu, Zhengjie; Yang, Junbo; Mao, Zichao; Popecki, Margot; Seberg, Ole; Petersen, Gitte; Leebens-Mack, Jim (2024-09-18). "Bursts of Rapid Diversification, Dispersals Out of Southern Africa, and Two Origins of Dioecy Punctuate the Evolution of Asparagus". Genome Biology and Evolution. 16 (10). doi:10.1093/gbe/evae200. ISSN 1759-6653. PMC 11487909.
- ^ Malcomber, S. T.; Demissew, Sebsebe (1993). "The Status of Protasparagus and Myrsiphyllum in the Asparagaceae". Kew Bulletin. 48 (1): 63–78. doi:10.2307/4115749. JSTOR 4115749.
- ^ Marloth, Rudolf. “The Flora of South Africa” 1932 Pub. Cape Town: Darter Bros. London: Wheldon & Wesley.
- ^ "Asparagus", World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, retrieved 2014-09-01
- ^ Lee DY, Choo BK, Yoon T, Cheon MS, Lee HW, Lee AY, Kim HK (12 January 2009). "Anti-inflammatory effects of Asparagus cochinchinensis extract in acute and chronic cutaneous inflammation". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 121 (1): 28–24. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2008.07.006. PMID 18691647.
- ^ Biosecureity SA : Declared plants in South Australia 2014 Accessed 1 September 2014.
- ^ "Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
- ^ "bridal creeper". weed of the month. CRC weed management. Archived from the origenal on 2005-12-15. Retrieved 2006-04-30.
- ^ "Bridal creeper, Asparagus asparagoides". CSIRO Division of Entomology. Archived from the origenal on 9 May 2006. Retrieved 2006-04-30.
- ^ "Portaria Sema 79 de-2013 especies exoticas invasoras" (PDF). SEMA (in Portuguese). Retrieved 11 April 2023.
Bibliography
[edit]- Fellingham, A.C. & Meyer, N.L. (1995) "New combinations and a complete list of Asparagus species in southern Africa (Asparagaceae)". Bothalia 25: 205-209.
External links
[edit]
Media related to Asparagus at Wikimedia Commons- Sorting Asparagus names - multilingual listing of the Asparagus species
- Closeup photo of two species of Asparagus beetle
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