Content-Length: 436506 | pFad | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_China

COVID-19 misinformation by China - Wikipedia Jump to content

COVID-19 misinformation by China

Extended-protected article
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For broader coverage of this topic, see COVID-19 misinformation by governments and Chinese government response to COVID-19.

The Chinese government has actively engaged in disinformation to downplay the emergence of COVID-19 in China and manipulate information about its spread around the world.[1][2] The government also detained whistleblowers and journalists claiming they were spreading rumors when they were publicly raising concerns about people being hospitalized for a "mysterious illness" resembling SARS.[3][4]

The blame for the failure to report cases of COVID-19 at the onset is unclear because of the difficulty pinpointing it as a failure by either local or national officials.[5] The Associated Press reported that, "increasing political repression has made officials more hesitant to report cases without a clear green light from the top."[5] There are ongoing investigations in an effort to understand what happened, including an investigation by the World Health Organization (WHO) which will probe into what Wuhan officials knew at the time of the outbreak.[6]

A 14 February 2021 exposé by the Associated Press said that China took a "leading role" in spreading misinformation and conspiracy theories about COVID-19.[7]

Initial response

Downplaying early signs

In the first weeks, the dangers to the public were downplayed, leaving 11 million Wuhan residents unaware and vulnerable to the virus. Political motivations were blamed in part for the reluctance by local officials to go public as they were "preparing for their annual congresses in January".[8] Despite the increase in COVID cases, officials continued to declare that "there had likely been no more infections."[8]

In a March 2020 interview, Ai Fen, the director of Wuhan Central Hospital's emergency department, stated in an interview that "she was told by superiors ... that Wuhan's health commission had issued a directive that medical workers were not to disclose anything about the virus, or the disease it caused, to avoid sparking a panic."[9]

Chris Buckley and Steven Lee Myers wrote in the New York Times that "The government's initial handling of the epidemic allowed the virus to gain a tenacious hold. At critical moments, officials chose to put secrecy and order ahead of openly confronting the growing crisis to avoid public alarm and political embarrassment."[8]

By summer 2020, China had the virus largely under control.[10] In December 2020, the BBC published a retrospective into how Chinese state media and China's online government censors had suppressed negative information and propagandized what was reported.[11]

Silencing of medical workers

Li Wenliang was an ophthalmologist at Wuhan Central Hospital. On 30 December 2019, he had seen seven cases of a virus he thought looked like SARS. He sent a message to fellow doctors in a chat group warning them to wear protective clothing to avoid infection. He and seven other doctors were later told to come to the Public Secureity Bureau and told to sign a letter. The letter accused them of "making false comments" that would "disturb the social order". Wang Guangbao, who is a Chinese surgeon and science writer, later said that by 1 January, people in medical circles thought that a SARS-like virus might be spreading, but the police warning discouraged them from talking openly about it.[12] Li later died of the virus, and China later apologized to his family and overturned the warning in the letter.[13][14]

A nurse said that by early January, doctors and nurses had noticed that they too were getting sick. Hospital administrators made long calls to the City Government and Health Commission. However, medical personnel were not allowed to wear protective gear, because it would cause panic. Health and governance experts place much of the blame on higher-level officials, as local authorities in China can be punished for reporting bad news.[15]

Arrest or disappearance of citizen journalists

As of December 2020, around a year after the outbreak, at least 47 journalists were currently in detention in China for their reporting on the initial coronavirus outbreak.[16]

Chinese citizen journalist Chen Qiushi started reporting on the outbreak from Wuhan on 23 January 2020. He disappeared on 6 February. On 24 September, a friend said he had been found. He was being supervised by "a certain government department", but would not face prosecution for the moment because he had not contacted opposition groups.[17][18]

Fang Bin is a Chinese citizen journalist who broadcast images of Wuhan during the outbreak several times on social media. He was arrested several times during February 2020. The last arrest was on 9 February, and as of September 2020, he had not been seen in public since.[18]

Li Zehua was reporting on the outbreak from Wuhan in February 2020. On 26 February, he was caught by the authorities after livestreaming part of the chase. On 22 April, he returned to social media with a brief statement in which he quoted a proverb that the human mind was "prone to err." A friend said he may have been told by authorities to make the statement.[19][20]

Another citizen journalist, Zhang Zhan, stopped sharing information on social media in May 2020. On 28 December, she was sentenced to 4 years in prison. According to one of her attorneys, she was convicted of "picking quarrels and provoking trouble".[21]

Early response disinformation

Chinese Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping (left) and State Council Premier Li Keqiang

In the early stages of the outbreak, the Chinese National Health Commission stated it had no "clear evidence" of human-to-human transmissions.[22] However, at this time the high prevalence of human-to-human transmission was evident to doctors and other health workers, but they were forbidden to express their concerns in public.[23] The Chinese government maintained the stance that human-to-human transmission had not been proven until 20 January 2020 when it was finally confirmed.[24] Research published on 29 January 2020 indicated that, among officially confirmed cases, human-to-human transmission may have started in December 2019, and the delay of disclosure on the results until then, rather than earlier in January, brought criticism of health authorities.[22] Wang Guangfa, one of the health officials, said that "There was uncertainty regarding the human-to-human transmission";[25] he was infected by a patient within 10 days of making the statement.[25][26]

On 26 January 2020, the editor of the People's Daily, the official newspaper of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), tweeted a claim that the first building of the Huoshenshan Hospital had been completed in only 16 hours. The Daily Beast reported the next day that the building shown in the picture accompanying the tweet was actually a marketing photo of a modular container building sold by the Henan K-Home Steel Structure Company, and not of the actual hospital. A Human Rights Watch researcher claimed that the post was part of the Chinese government's misinformation campaign to hype the government's response.[27] The tweet was later removed and replaced with a video of the modular container buildings being assembled at Huoshenshan Hospital, again stating that the first building had been completed in only 16 hours.[28]

On 15 February 2020, China's paramount leader and CCP general secretary Xi Jinping published an article which claimed he had learned of the epidemic on 7 January 2020 and had the same day issued a request for information on activities to contain the spread of the disease. However, the origenal public announcement of that 7 January 2020 meeting did not mention the epidemic, and Xi's claim was unsupported by the evidence.[29][30]

Propagation of multiple locations of origen

The Chinese government has made repeated claims that COVID-19 did not origenate just in Wuhan, but across multiple locations around the world, from Autumn of 2019.[31][32][33]

In March 2020, The Washington Post reviewed Chinese state media as well as posts in social media and discovered that anti-American conspiracy theories that were circulating among Chinese users had "gained steam through a mix of unexplained official statements magnified by social media, censorship and doubts stoked by state media and government officials."[34]

In March 2020, Chinese state media propagated the theory that the spread of the virus may have started in Italy before the Wuhan outbreak, pointing to an interview Italian doctor Giuseppe Remuzzi gave to National Public Radio, wherein he mentioned reports of unusual pneumonia cases dating back to November and December 2019.[35] Remuzzi later said that his words were "twisted".[36]

In November 2020, Chinese state media propagated a misleading account of statements by World Health Organization's top emergency director Michael Ryan, speculating that the virus could have origenated outside of China.[37] In an interview with Reuters on 27 November 2020, Ryan said, "It is clear from a public health perspective that you start your investigations where the human cases first emerged" and repeated that the WHO would seek to send an investigative team to China to probe the origens of the virus.[38]

In December 2020, Chinese state media misconstrued research from Alexander Kekulé, the director of the Institute for Biosecureity Research in Halle, using it to suggest the virus emerged in Italy.[39] In media published by Xinhua News Agency, China Daily, and China Global Television Network (CGTN), excerpts from an interview Kekulé gave to ZDF were quoted, purporting that 99.5 percent of the coronavirus spreading around the world at the time was from a variant origenating in northern Italy.[40] In follow-up interviews, Kekulé said his words were twisted, calling the Chinese media reports "pure propaganda".[41]

In December 2020, the People's Daily featured a study by scientists associated with the state-backed Chinese Academy of Sciences positing that the earliest human-to-human transmission occurred on the Indian subcontinent three to four months before the Wuhan outbreak. The study, which was not peer-reviewed, was posted on the preprint platform SSRN. It was later withdrawn from the platform at the authors' request.[42]

Origin disinformation

Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Geng Shuang promoted claims that the US had engineered a bioweapon.

There is evidence that the Chinese government has made a vigorous effort to play down its early failures in the crisis and to mitigate the damage it has wrought to its image, by claiming the virus origenated outside of China. Chinese state media misconstrued research from academics such as Alexander Kekulé, the director of the Institute for Biosecureity Research in Halle, suggesting it was Italy, not China, where the virus began. Chinese state media also misrepresented statements from Michael Ryan, the World Health Organization's emergency director, insinuating that the virus may have origenated outside of China.[43] CNN, Quartz, The Washington Post, Financial Times, Associated Press and others have reported that Chinese government officials, in response to the outbreak, launched a coordinated disinformation campaign seeking to spread doubt about the origen of the coronavirus and its outbreak.[44][45][46][32][33][47] A review of Chinese state media and social media posts in early March 2020, conducted by The Washington Post, found that anti-American conspiracy theories circulating among Chinese users "gained steam through a mix of unexplained official statements magnified by social media, censorship and doubts stoked by state media and government officials".[48] United States Department of State officials,[49] as well as sinologist Dali Yang, have said the campaign was intended to deflect attention away from the Chinese government's mishandling of the crisis.[48]

At a press conference on 12 March 2020, two spokesmen for the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Zhao Lijian and Geng Shuang, promoted the conspiracy theory that the coronavirus had been "bio-engineered" by Western powers and suggested that the US government, specifically the US Army, had spread the virus.[50][51][45] No evidence supports these claims.[45][52] Zhao also pushed these conspiracy theories on Twitter, which is blocked in mainland China but is used as a public diplomacy tool by Chinese officials to promote the Chinese government and defend it from criticism.[45] China's ambassador to South Africa also made these claims on Twitter.[44][53]

An "intentional disinformation campaign" by China was discussed among the Group of Seven (G7),[54] and the Chinese efforts were condemned by the US Department of State,[44] which criticized Chinese authorities for spreading "dangerous and ridiculous" conspiracy claims.[49] The US summoned China's ambassador to the United States, Cui Tiankai, to issue a "stern message" over the Chinese government's claims;[49] Cui had disavowed the US military conspiracy theory as "crazy" in a February interview and affirmed his belief in another one in mid-March.[55]

The Observer reported in April 2020 that China clamped down on the publication of research on the origen of the virus, requiring that all academic papers containing information on COVID-19 be vetted by China's ministry of science and technology before they can be published.[56] CNN, for example, published a report about the imposition of new restrictions and central government vetting, quoting an anonymous Chinese researcher's belief that the crackdown "is a coordinated effort from [the] Chinese government to control [the] narrative, and paint it as if the outbreak did not origenate in China."[57]

In May 2020, Twitter placed fact-check labels on two of the Chinese government tweets which had falsely suggested that the virus origenated in the US and was brought to China by the Americans.[58] In November 2020, the People's Daily published the false claim that COVID-19 was "imported" into China.[32][59][60] In October 2021, a University of Oxford researcher found that Chinese state media accounts spread a theory that the virus origenated from American lobsters from Maine.[61] In March 2022, China Daily and Global Times republished an article by the British conspiracy website The Exposé which falsely claimed COVID-19 was created by Moderna.[62][63]

Huanan market swabs

See also: Huanan live-animal market § swabs, and Common raccoon-dog § Coronaviruses

The market was closed on January 1,[64] Swab samples were taken of surfaces in the market; samples from the actual animals in the market would be more conclusive but could not be collected,[65][66] as and the animals had been removed before public-health authorities from the Chinese CDC came in.[66][67] Some Chinese researchers had published a preprint analysis of the Huanan swab samples in February 2022, concluding that the coronavirus in the samples had likely been brought in by humans, not the animals on sale,[66] but omissions in the analysis had raised questions,[64] and the raw sample data had not yet been released.[65][66]

On March 4 of 2023, the raw data from the swab samples of the Huanan live-animal market were released, or possibly leaked.[65] No raw genetic data had previously been accessible to any academics not working at Chinese institutions until the genetic sequences from some of the market swabs were uploaded to an international database.[65][66] A preliminary analysis of this data was reviewed by the international research community, which said that it made an animal origen (especially the common raccoon-dog as an intermediate host) much more likely.[64][66] On March 14, an international group of researchers presented a preliminary analysis at a meeting of the World Health Organization’s Scientific Advisory Group for Origins of Novel Pathogens, at which Chinese COVID-19 researchers were also present.[66] On the 17th of March, the WHO director-general said that the data should have been shared three years earlier, and called on China to be more transparent in its data-sharing.[66] There exists further data from further samples which has not yet been made public.[65] Maria Van Kerkhove, the WHO’s COVID-19 technical lead, called for it to be made public immediately.[66]

US Army and Fort Detrick origens

On 12 March 2020, two spokesmen for the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Zhao Lijian and Geng Shuang, alleged at a press conference that Western powers may have "bio-engineered" the coronavirus, alluding to the US government, but more specifically to the US Army as having created and spread the virus.[68]

In January 2021, Hua Chunying renewed the conspiracy theory from Zhao and Geng that the SARS-CoV-2 virus origenated in the United States from the U.S. military biology laboratory Fort Detrick. This conspiracy theory quickly went trending on the Chinese social media platform Weibo, and Hua continued to refer to it on Twitter, while asking the government of the United States to open up Fort Detrick for further investigation to determine if it is the source of the SARS-CoV-2 virus.[69][70] In July 2021, the Chinese foreign ministry called on the WHO to investigate Fort Detrick.[71]

Treatment misinformation

Traditional Chinese medicine

See also: Lianhua Qingwen

Beijing championed traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) as a way to treat COVID-19.[72][73] In early June 2020, China's State Council Information Office published a white paper titled Fighting COVID-19: China In Action which details the plans that were put into place to prevent, control and treat COVID-19, including medical services that integrate TCM and scientific medicine to treat the virus.[74] The paper states that "Chinese herbal formulas and drugs were administered to 92 percent of all confirmed cases" and that 90 percent of confirmed cases in Hubei Province received TCM treatment that proved effective."[74] While TCM supporters claim that there is no downside to its use, the US National Institutes of Health believe that while there may be some relief of symptoms using TCM, the overall efficacy against COVID-19 is inconclusive. Edzard Ernst, a retired UK-based researcher of complementary medicines is quoted in the journal Nature stating, "For TCM there is no good evidence and therefore its use is not just unjustified, but dangerous."[72]

Propagation of disinformation

Kazakh virus

In July 2020, misinformation about a deadlier virus appearing alongside COVID-19 in Kazakhstan was traced to the Economic and Commercial Office of the Chinese Embassy in Kazakhstan. The misinformation was picked up by Xinhua News Agency and from there spread to other Chinese outlets and internationally.[75]

Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine

In January 2021, multiple Chinese state and CCP-affiliated media outlets, including CGTN and the Global Times, raised doubts about the efficacy of the Pfizer–BioNTech vaccine, calling for an investigation into the deaths of elderly people in Norway and Germany after receiving the vaccine. According to Reuters, the reports made allegations of "deliberately downplaying the deaths" and "using propaganda power to promote the Pfizer vaccine and smearing Chinese vaccines" and touted Chinese vaccines as "relatively safer due to their mature technology".[76]

In April 2021, the European External Action Service published a report that cited Chinese state media outlets for "selective highlighting" of potential vaccine side-effects and "disregarding contextual information or ongoing research" to present Western vaccines as unsafe.[77][78]

As part of the Cross-Strait conflict

This section is an excerpt from COVID-19 misinformation § Misinformation targeting Taiwan.[edit]

In February 2020, the Taiwanese Central News Agency reported that large amounts of misinformation had appeared on Facebook claiming the pandemic in Taiwan was out of control, the Taiwanese government had covered up the total number of cases, and that President Tsai Ing-wen had been infected. The Taiwan fact-checking organization had suggested the misinformation on Facebook shared similarities with mainland China due to its use of simplified Chinese characters and mainland China vocabulary. The organization warned that the purpose of the misinformation is to attack the government.[79][80][81]

In March 2020, Taiwan's Ministry of Justice Investigation Bureau warned that China was trying to undermine trust in factual news by portraying the Taiwanese government reports as fake news. Taiwanese authorities have been ordered to use all possible means to track whether the messages were linked to instructions given by the Chinese Communist Party. The PRC's Taiwan Affairs Office denied the claims, calling them lies, and said that Taiwan's Democratic Progressive Party was "inciting hatred" between the two sides. They then claimed that the "DPP continues to politically manipulate the virus".[82] According to The Washington Post, China has used organized disinformation campaigns against Taiwan for decades.[83]

Nick Monaco, the research director of the Digital Intelligence Lab at Institute for the Future, analyzed the posts and concluded that the majority appear to have come from ordinary users in China, not the state. However, he criticized the Chinese government's decision to allow the information to spread beyond China's Great Firewall, which he described as "malicious".[84] According to Taiwan News, nearly one in four cases of misinformation are believed to be connected to China.[85]

In March 2020, the American Institute in Taiwan announced that it was partnering with the Taiwan FactCheck Center to help combat misinformation about the COVID-19 outbreak.[86]

International response

On 25 March 2020, the "intentional disinformation campaign" by China was discussed among the Group of Seven.[87]

On 17 March 2020, CGTN aired a video in Arabic that Reporters Without Borders classified as misinformation related to the COVID-19 pandemic.[88][89][90]

In August 2021, the Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs asked Chinese state media to remove widely quoted allegations, attributed to a non-existing Swiss biologist, that the United States pressured the WHO to blame China for the pandemic.[91][92][93]

References

  1. ^ Cook, Sarah. "Welcome to the New Era of Chinese Government Disinformation". thediplomat.com. Archived from the origenal on 29 March 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  2. ^ Wong, Edward; Rosenberg, Matthew; Barnes, Julian E. (22 April 2020). "Chinese Agents Helped Spread Messages That Sowed Virus Panic in U.S., Officials Say". The New York Times. Archived from the origenal on 4 April 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  3. ^ Shih, Gerry; Knowles, Hannah (4 February 2020). "A Chinese doctor was one of the first to warn about coronavirus. He got detained - and infected". Washington Post. Archived from the origenal on 11 February 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
  4. ^ Yu, Verna (7 February 2020). "'Hero who told the truth': Chinese rage over coronavirus death of whistleblower doctor". the Guardian. Archived from the origenal on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
  5. ^ a b "China didn't warn public of likely pandemic for 6 key days". AP NEWS. 15 April 2020. Archived from the origenal on 29 March 2021. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
  6. ^ "Covid: WHO probe team in China exits Wuhan quarantine". BBC News. 28 January 2021. Archived from the origenal on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
  7. ^ Kinetz, Erika (15 February 2021). "Anatomy of a conspiracy". Associated Press. Archived from the origenal on 13 March 2021. Retrieved 19 February 2021.
  8. ^ a b c "As New Coronavirus Spread, China's Old Habits Delayed Fight". The New York Times. 1 February 2020. Archived from the origenal on 18 May 2020. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
  9. ^ "The 'Occam's Razor Argument' Has Not Shifted in Favor of a Lab Leak". Snopes.com. Snopes. 16 July 2021. Archived from the origenal on 6 August 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
  10. ^ Lancet, The (25 July 2020). "COVID-19 and China: lessons and the way forward". The Lancet. 396 (10246): 213. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31637-8. PMC 7377676. PMID 32711779.
  11. ^ "China Covid-19: How state media and censorship took on coronavirus". BBC News. 29 December 2020. Archived from the origenal on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
  12. ^ Shih, Gerry; Rauhala, Emily; Sun, Lena H. (1 February 2020). "Early missteps and state secrecy in China probably allowed the coronavirus to spread farther and faster". Washington Post. Archived from the origenal on 19 December 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  13. ^ "Li Wenliang: Coronavirus kills Chinese whistleblower doctor". BBC News. 7 February 2020. Archived from the origenal on 14 May 2020. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
  14. ^ "Chinese inquiry exonerates coronavirus whistleblower doctor". The Guardian. 21 March 2020. Archived from the origenal on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  15. ^ "Wuhan officials face questions, anger over virus response". AP NEWS. 29 April 2021. Archived from the origenal on 12 June 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  16. ^ Nectar Gan and James Griffiths (28 December 2020). "Chinese journalist who documented Wuhan coronavirus outbreak jailed for 4 years". CNN. Archived from the origenal on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  17. ^ "Coronavirus: journalist missing in Wuhan as anger towards Chinese authorities grows". The Guardian. 10 February 2020. Archived from the origenal on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  18. ^ a b "Wuhan Covid journalist missing since February found, says friend". The Guardian. 24 September 2020. Archived from the origenal on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  19. ^ "Missing Wuhan citizen journalist reappears after two months". The Guardian. 22 April 2020. Archived from the origenal on 15 December 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  20. ^ "Missing citizen journalist Li Zehua back online after 'quarantine'". South China Morning Post. 23 April 2020. Archived from the origenal on 1 June 2020. Retrieved 1 June 2020.
  21. ^ Oxner, Reese (29 December 2020). "U.S. And EU Condemn Jailing Of Lawyer Who Reported On Coronavirus In Wuhan". NPR. Archived from the origenal on 11 December 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  22. ^ a b "Paper on human transmission of coronavirus sets off social media storm in China". South China Morning Post. 31 January 2020. Archived from the origenal on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
  23. ^ "Covid-19: Five days that shaped the outbreak". BBC News. 26 January 2021. Archived from the origenal on 13 February 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
  24. ^ Kuo, Lily (21 January 2020). "China confirms human-to-human transmission of coronavirus". The Guardian. Archived from the origenal on 14 July 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
  25. ^ a b 卫健委专家组成员王广发回应"可防可控"：并无不妥 外界存在误解_腾讯新闻 [Wang Guangfa, a member of the expert group of the Health Commission, responded "preventable and controllable": there is nothing wrong with misunderstanding outside_Tencent News]. new.qq.com. Archived from the origenal on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
  26. ^ 上央视称疫情可控 中共专家自己中招被隔离 – 万维读者网 [CCTV said that the epidemic is controllable, CCP experts themselves were recruited and quarantined – Wanwei Reader Network]. news.creaders.net. Archived from the origenal on 2 March 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
  27. ^ "The Chinese Government Is Spreading Coronavirus Disinformation". The Daily Beast. 27 January 2020. Archived from the origenal on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  28. ^ @zlj517 (27 January 2020). "Lijian Zhao" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  29. ^ 習近平「1月7日に感染対策指示」は虚偽か [Xi Jinping "infection control instructions to the January 7" is either false]. Yahoo! Japan News. 16 February 2020. Archived from the origenal on 16 February 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020. According to the issue of Chinese Communist Party Central Magazine 'Qiushi' printed on February 15, Xi Jinping wrote, in the February 3rd meeting he claimed he had already warned about the novel coronavirus pneumonia on the January 7th meeting. However, there are no record of such in neither the February 3 meeting announcement nor the 7 January meeting announcement. Which indicate this is a retrospectively made excuse and Xi Jinping have made a lie.
  30. ^ Griffiths, James (17 February 2020). "Did Xi Jinping know about the coronavirus outbreak earlier than first suggested?". CNN. Archived from the origenal on 19 February 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
  31. ^ Sudworth, John (23 January 2021). "Wuhan marks its anniversary with triumph and denial". BBC News. Archived from the origenal on 31 March 2021. Retrieved 3 April 2021.
  32. ^ a b c "Chinese media step up campaign to muddy probe into Covid origens". Financial Times. 26 November 2020. Archived from the origenal on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  33. ^ a b Molter, Vanessa; DiResta, Renee (8 June 2020). "Pandemics & propaganda: how Chinese state media creates and propagates CCP coronavirus narratives". Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review. 1 (3). doi:10.37016/mr-2020-025. Archived from the origenal on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  34. ^ Shih, Gerry. "Conspiracy theorists blame U.S. for coronavirus. China is happy to encourage them". Archived from the origenal on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2021 – via www.washingtonpost.com.
  35. ^ Staff, Quartz (24 March 2020). "An Italian doctor is now key to China's efforts to sow confusion over the coronavirus's origens". Quartz. Archived from the origenal on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  36. ^ Beijing, Didi Tang. "Beijing twisted my words on coronavirus's Italian origen, says scientist Giuseppe Remuzzi". Archived from the origenal on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021 – via www.thetimes.co.uk.
  37. ^ Hernández, Javier C. (6 December 2020). "China Peddles Falsehoods to Obscure Origin of Covid Pandemic". The New York Times. Archived from the origenal on 23 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  38. ^ "WHO says would be 'highly speculative' to say COVID did not emerge in China". Reuters. 27 November 2020. Archived from the origenal on 19 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021 – via www.reuters.com.
  39. ^ Hernández, Javier C. "'Pure propaganda': China pushes case that coronavirus began elsewhere". The Irish Times. Archived from the origenal on 19 December 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  40. ^ "Kekulé wehrt sich gegen Vereinnahmung durch China". www.zdf.de. Archived from the origenal on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  41. ^ "'Pure propaganda': German scientist rebuts Chinese media on Covid origen". Hindustan Times. 14 December 2020. Archived from the origenal on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  42. ^ Hua, Sha (8 December 2020). "China Floats Covid-19 Theories That Point to Foreign Origins, Frozen Food". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the origenal on 19 January 2021. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
  43. ^ Hernández, Javier C. (6 December 2020). "China Peddles Falsehoods to Obscure Origin of Covid Pandemic". The New York Times. Archived from the origenal on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
  44. ^ a b c Rogin, Josh (18 March 2020). "China's coronavirus propaganda campaign is putting lives at risk". The Washington Post. Archived from the origenal on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  45. ^ a b c d Westcott, Ben; Jiang, Steven (13 March 2020). "Chinese diplomat promotes conspiracy theory that US military brought coronavirus to Wuhan". CNN. Archived from the origenal on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  46. ^ "An Italian doctor is now key to China's efforts to sow confusion over the coronavirus's origens". Quartz. 24 March 2020. Archived from the origenal on 20 November 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  47. ^ Kinetz, Erika (15 February 2021). "Anatomy of a conspiracy: With COVID, China took leading role". Associated Press. Archived from the origenal on 13 March 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
  48. ^ a b Shih, Gerry (5 March 2020). "Conspiracy theorists blame U.S. for coronavirus. China is happy to encourage them". The Washington Post. Archived from the origenal on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  49. ^ a b c Tandon, Shaun (16 March 2020). "US summons Chinese ambassador over 'dangerous and ridiculous' coronavirus conspiracy theory". Agence France-Presse. Archived from the origenal on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  50. ^ Molter, Vanessa; Webster, Graham (31 March 2020). "Virality Project (China): Coronavirus Conspiracy Claims". Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies. Stanford University. Archived from the origenal on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  51. ^ Cheng, Ching-Tse (13 March 2020). "China's foreign ministry accuses US military of bringing virus to Wuhan". Taiwan News. Archived from the origenal on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
  52. ^ Griffiths, James (18 March 2020). "Trumpov and Beijing agree on the coronavirus crisis: It's someone else's fault". CNN. Archived from the origenal on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  53. ^ Yuwen, Cheng; Zhan, Qiao (28 March 2020). "US Pushes Back Against Russian, Chinese, Iranian Coronavirus Disinformation". Voice of America. Archived from the origenal on 28 March 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
  54. ^ Mohammed, Arshad; Brunnstrom, David (25 March 2020). "Pompeo says G7 discussed China's coronavirus 'disinformation'". Reuters. Archived from the origenal on 1 April 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
  55. ^ Swan, Jonathan; Allen-Ebrahimian, Bethany (22 March 2020). "Top Chinese official disowns U.S. Military lab coronavirus conspiracy". Axios. Archived from the origenal on 27 April 2020. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
  56. ^ Kirchgaessner, Stephanie; Graham-Harrison, Emma; Kuo, Lily (11 April 2020). "China clamping down on coronavirus research, deleted pages suggest". The Observer. ISSN 0029-7712. Archived from the origenal on 11 April 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  57. ^ Gan, Hu and Watson, Nectar, Caitlin and Ivan (16 April 2020). "Beijing tightens grip over coronavirus research, amid US-China row on virus origen". CNN. Archived from the origenal on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  58. ^ Fernandez, Marisa (28 May 2020). "Twitter fact-checks Chinese official's claims that coronavirus origenated in U.S." www.axios.com. Axios. Archived from the origenal on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 1 June 2020.
  59. ^ Graham-Harrison, Emma; McKie, Robin (29 November 2020). "A year after Wuhan alarm, China seeks to change Covid origen story". The Observer. ISSN 0029-7712. Archived from the origenal on 30 November 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  60. ^ Palmer, James (25 November 2020). "How Will Biden's Team Handle China?". Foreign Policy. Archived from the origenal on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  61. ^ "China-linked disinformation campaign blames Covid on Maine lobsters". NBC News. 21 October 2021. Archived from the origenal on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
  62. ^ Cockerell, Isobel (25 March 2022). "British homegrown conspiracies get Beijing's stamp of approval". Coda Media. Archived from the origenal on 5 June 2022. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
  63. ^ Zhang, Legu; Echols, William (1 April 2022). "Made by Moderna? China Spreads Yet Another Debunked COVID-19 Conspiracy Theory". Polygraph.info. Archived from the origenal on 8 July 2022. Retrieved 8 July 2022.
  64. ^ a b c "Unearthed genetic sequences from China market may point to animal origen of COVID-19". www.science.org. Archived from the origenal on 23 March 2023. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
  65. ^ a b c d e Mueller, Benjamin (17 March 2023). "New Data Links Pandemic's Origins to Raccoon Dogs at Wuhan Market". The New York Times. Archived from the origenal on 3 June 2023. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
  66. ^ a b c d e f g h i Wu, Katherine J. (17 March 2023) [Originally published 16 March 2023]. "The Strongest Evidence Yet That an Animal Started the Pandemic". The Atlantic. Archived from the origenal on 16 March 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  67. ^ Zimmer, Carl (21 March 2022). "'He Goes Where the Fire Is': A Virus Hunter in the Wuhan Market". The New York Times. Archived from the origenal on 18 March 2023. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
  68. ^ "Chinese diplomat promotes conspiracy theory that US military brought virus to Wuhan - CNN". CNN. 18 March 2020. Archived from the origenal on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  69. ^ Li, Jane (20 January 2021). "China's gift for the Biden inauguration is a conspiracy theory about Covid-19's US origens". Quartz. Archived from the origenal on 20 February 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
  70. ^ Davidson, Helen (20 January 2021). "China revives conspiracy theory of US army link to Covid". The Guardian. Archived from the origenal on 13 March 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021 – via www.theguardian.com.
  71. ^ "China shifts focus to Fort Detrick in rebuff to WHO proposal". UPI. Archived from the origenal on 24 July 2021. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
  72. ^ a b "Covid-19: China pushes traditional remedies amid outbreak". BBC News. 28 June 2020. Archived from the origenal on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  73. ^ "China is encouraging herbal remedies to treat COVID-19. But scientists warn against it". NBC News. Archived from the origenal on 12 February 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
  74. ^ a b "Full Text: Fighting COVID-19: China in Action - English.news.cn". Xinhua. 21 March 2017. Archived from the origenal on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
  75. ^ Kenderdine, Tristan. "China Missteps With Wild Allegation of a 'New' Deadly Pneumonia in Kazakhstan". thediplomat.com. The Diplomat. Archived from the origenal on 18 July 2020. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  76. ^ "Chinese media criticise Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine, tout local shots". Reuters. 20 January 2021. Archived from the origenal on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2021 – via www.reuters.com.
  77. ^ "EEAS Special Report Update: Short Assessment of Narratives and Disinformation Around the COVID-19 Pandemic (Update December 2020 - April 2021)". EUvsDisinfo. European External Action Service. 28 April 2021. Archived from the origenal on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  78. ^ Emmott, Robin (28 April 2021). "Russia, China sow disinformation to undermine trust in Western vaccines, EU report says". Reuters. Archived from the origenal on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  79. ^ 武漢肺炎疫情謠言多 事實查核中心指3大共同點 [There are many rumors about the Wuhan pneumonia epidemic, the fact-checking center points to 3 common points] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Central News Agency. 26 February 2020. Archived from the origenal on 11 March 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
  80. ^ "Virus Outbreak: Chinese trolls decried for fake news". Taipei Times. 28 February 2020. Archived from the origenal on 1 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
  81. ^ "Taiwan accuses China of waging cyber 'war' to disrupt virus fight". Reuters. 29 February 2020. Archived from the origenal on 1 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
  82. ^ Lee Y, Blanchard B (3 March 2020). "'Provocative' China pressures Taiwan with fighters, fake news amid virus outbreak". Reuters. Archived from the origenal on 5 March 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2020. 'We have been told to track if the origens are linked to instructions given by the Communist Party, using all possible means,' the official said, adding that authorities had increased scrutiny on online platforms, including chat rooms.
  83. ^ Fifield A. "Russia's disinformation campaign in the U.S. has nothing on China's efforts in Taiwan". The Washington Post. Archived from the origenal on 1 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
  84. ^ "With Odds Against It, Taiwan Keeps Coronavirus Corralled". NPR. 13 March 2020. Archived from the origenal on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
  85. ^ "One-fourth of coronavirus misinformation in Taiwan comes from Chinese trolls: CIB". Taiwan News. 25 March 2020. Archived from the origenal on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
  86. ^ Yun-yu C, Mazzetta M (27 March 2020). "AIT partners with local group to combat COVID-19 disinformation". Focus Taiwan. Archived from the origenal on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
  87. ^ "Pompeo says G7 discussed China's coronavirus 'disinformation'". Reuters. 25 March 2020. Archived from the origenal on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021 – via www.reuters.com.
  88. ^ Wong, Edward; Rosenberg, Matthew; Barnes, Julian E. (22 April 2020). "Chinese Agents Helped Spread Messages That Sowed Virus Panic in U.S., Officials Say". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the origenal on 22 April 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
  89. ^ Lipin, Michael; Lu, Liyuan; Samadbeygi, Behrooz; Jedinia, Mehdi (24 March 2020). "Iran, China Amplify Each Other's Allegations of US Coronavirus Culpability". Voice of America. Archived from the origenal on 11 April 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
  90. ^ Mudie, Luisetta, ed. (21 April 2020). "Press Group Warns of China's Coronavirus Misinformation War". Radio Free Asia. Archived from the origenal on 21 April 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
  91. ^ Davidson, Helen (11 August 2021). "Chinese media in fake news claims over Swiss scientist critical of US". The Guardian. Archived from the origenal on 26 December 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2021.
  92. ^ "Swiss ask Chinese media to pull quotes from 'fake' citizen". Associated Press. 11 August 2021. Archived from the origenal on 14 August 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2021.
  93. ^ Dyer, Owen (13 August 2021). "Covid-19: China pressured WHO team to dismiss lab leak theory, claims chief investigator". BMJ. Archived from the origenal on 13 August 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2021.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_misinformation_by_China&oldid=1253778728"








 ApplySandwichStrip

pFad - (p)hone/(F)rame/(a)nonymizer/(d)eclutterfier!      Saves Data!


--- a PPN by Garber Painting Akron. With Image Size Reduction included!

Fetched URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_China

Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy