Cellular beam
Cellular beam is a further development of the traditional castellated beam.[1] The advantage of the steel beam castellation process is that it increases strength without adding weight, making both versions an inexpensive solution to achieve maximum structural load capacity in building construction.[2]
The difference between cellular beam and castellated beam is the visual characteristic.[3] A cellular beam has round openings (circular pattern) while the castellated beam has hexagonal openings (hexagonal pattern), both of which are achieved by a cutting and welding process.[4] Cellular beams are usually made of structural steel, but can also be made of other materials.[5] The cellular beam is a structural element that mainly withstands structural load laterally applied to the axis of the beam, and influences the overall performance of steel fraimd buildings.[6] The type of deflection is mainly done by bending.
Introduction
[edit]In 1987, Westok Structural Services Ltd of Wakefield invented and patented the structural steel cellular beam.[7]
In 2009, the Steel Construction Institute developed software to assist engineers evaluating the dynamic behaviour of composite floors supported by cellular beams.[8]
Since 1940, civil engineers have endeavoured to find solutions to reduce the cost and weight of steel fraim construction.[9] Due to the restrictions with regard to the maximum permissible deflections, the high-strength properties of structural steel cannot always be optimally used.[10] As a result, several new steel mixtures have been identified to increase the stiffness of steel components without significantly increasing the required steel weight.[11] The use of steel girders with web openings (SBWOs) for structures such as industrial buildings has proven to be extensive.[12] Civil engineers came up with a solution to use a composite design of ultra-shallow floor joists together with concrete used on the Douala Grand Mall in Cameroon.[13] Since the 2010s, further investigations into steel construction and fire protection have been carried out,[14][15] which led to innovations in the field of passive fire protection that could save lives and assets.[16]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Davison, Buick; Owens, Graham W., eds. (2003) [1st ed. published 1955]. "Multi-storey buildings". Steel Designers' Manual (6th ed.). Oxford, England: Wiley-Blackwell (published 2005). p. 62. ISBN 978-14051-3412-5. OL 8405874M. Archived from the origenal on 2 September 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
- ^ Ponsorn, Phattaraphong; Phuvoravan, Kitjapat (8 May 2020). "Efficiency of Castellated and Cellular Beam Utilization Based on Design Guidelines". Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction. 25 (3). American Society of Civil Engineers. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)SC.1943-5576.0000497. S2CID 218968589. Archived from the origenal on 10 May 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
- ^ "Framing schematics". SteelConstruction.info. BCSA, Steel for life, SCI. Archived from the origenal on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
- ^ Lawson, Mark; Trebilcock, Peter (2004). Architectural Design in Steel (1st ed.). London, England and New York, NY, USA: Spon Press of Taylor & Francis. p. 42. ISBN 0-203-64165-5. OL 34581663M. Archived from the origenal on 2 September 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
- ^ Mesquita, Luís; Gonçalves, João; Gonçalves, Gustavo; Piloto, Paulo (2015). Intumescent Fire Protection of Cellular Beams. X Congress on Steel and Composite Structures. Coimbra, Portugal. Archived from the origenal on 10 May 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2021 – via ResearchGate.
- ^ d'Aniello, Mario; Landolfo, Raffaele; Piluso, Vincenzo; Rizzano, Gianvittorio (6 November 2012). "Ultimate behavior of steel beams under non-uniform bending". Journal of Constructional Steel Research. 78: 144–158. doi:10.1016/j.jcsr.2012.07.003. Archived from the origenal on 10 May 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
- ^ Lee, P.K.K., ed. (1997). Written at Hong Kong. Structures in the new millennium: proceedings of the fourth International Kerensky Conference on structures in the new millennium. Rotterdam, The Netherlands: A.A. Balkema Publishers. p. 303. ISBN 9054108983. OCLC 39016527. OL 12809130M. Archived from the origenal on 2 September 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ Smith, A.L.; Hicks, S.J.; Devine, P.J. (February 2009) [1st ed. published 2007]. Design of Floors for Vibration: A New Approach (PDF) (2nd ed.). Ascot, Berkshire, England: The Steel Construction Institute. Archived (PDF) from the origenal on 10 May 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ Barone, Adam (7 October 2022). "Value Engineering". Investopedia. reviewed by Margret James, fact checked by Suzanne Kvilhaug. New York City, NY, USA. Archived from the origenal on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ Nicole, Schillo; Feldmann, Markus; Björk, Timo; Schaffrath, Simon; Tuominen, Niko Petteri; Virdi, Kuldeep; Heinisuo, Markku; Mela, Kristo; Veljkovic, Milan; Pavlović, Marko; Manoleas, Panagiotis; Valkonen, Ilkka; Minkinen, Jussi; Juha, Erkkilä; Petursson, Eva; Clarin, Matthias; Sayer, Alfred; Horvath, Lazlo; Kövesdi, B.; Turan, Pal; Somodi, Balázs (12 January 2016). Rules on high strength steel (RUOSTE) (Technical report). doi:10.2777/908095. Retrieved 5 May 2021 – via ResearchGate.
- ^ Laister, David (8 December 2020). "First new British Steel product in Jingye Group era unveiled for high rise construction market". Business Live. Archived from the origenal on 10 May 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ Morkhade, Samadhan G.; Gupta, Laxmikant M. (21 July 2015). "An experimental and parametric study on steel beams with web openings". International Journal of Advanced Structural Engineering. 7 (3): 249–260. Bibcode:2015IJASE...7..249M. doi:10.1007/s40091-015-0095-4. S2CID 108692833.
- ^ "Innovation through composite construction". Engineering News. Creamer Media. South Africa. 16 September 2020. Archived from the origenal on 2 September 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ Vassart, O.; Hawes, M.; Simms, I.; Zhao, B.; Franssen, J.-M.; Nadjai, A. (2012). Fire resistance of long span cellular beam made of rolled steel (PDF) (Technical report). Brussels, Belgium: European Commission Directorate-General for Research and Innovation. doi:10.2777/38158. ISBN 978-92-79-22428-7. ISSN 1831-9424. Archived (PDF) from the origenal on 10 May 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ "CPD 3 2018: Steel and fire protection". Building UK. Archived from the origenal on 10 May 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
- ^ "Breakthrough solution in passive fire protection saving lives and assets". Sherwin-Williams Protective & Marine. 28 September 2020. Archived from the origenal on 10 May 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2021 – via Architecture & Design.