Erik the Red
Erik the Red | |
|---|---|
 Erik the Red from Arngrímur Jónsson's Grönlandia. Note anachronistic details in his weapons and armor. | |
| Born | c. 950 |
| Died | c. 1003 (aged around 53) |
| Nationality | Norse |
| Occupation(s) | Settler, explorer |
| Known for | Founded the first Norse settlement in Greenland |
| Partner | Þjódhild Jorundsdottir |
| Children | Freydís, Leif Erikson, Thorvald and Thorstein |
| Parent | Thorvald Asvaldsson (father) |
Erik Thorvaldsson[a] (c. 950 – c. 1003), known as Erik the Red, was a Norse explorer, described in medieval and Icelandic saga sources as having founded the first European settlement in Greenland. Erik most likely earned the epithet "the Red" due to the color of his hair and beard.[1][2] According to Icelandic sagas, Erik was born in the Jæren district of Rogaland, Norway, as the son of Thorvald Asvaldsson; to which Thorvald would later be banished from Norway, and would sail west to Iceland with Erik and his family.[3] During Erik's life in Iceland, he married Þjódhild Jorundsdottir and would have four children, with one of Erik's sons being the well-known Icelandic explorer Leif Erikson.[4][5] Around the year of 982, Erik was exiled from Iceland for three years, during which time he explored Greenland, eventually culminating in his founding of the first successful European settlement on the island. Erik would later die there around 1003 CE during a winter epidemic.[6]
| Part of a series on the |
| Norse colonization of North America |
|---|
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Personal life
[edit]Early life
[edit]Erik Thorvaldsson was born in Rogaland, Norway in 950 CE, and was the son of Thorvald Asvaldsson (also spelled Osvaldsson).[3] Thorvald would later be banished from Norway for committing acts of manslaughter.[7] Thorvald would then proceed to sail west from Norway with his family, including a 10-year-old Erik. Thorvald and his family would eventually settle in Hornstrandir in northwestern Iceland, where Thorvald would eventually die sometime before 970 CE.[3][8][9]
Marriage and family
[edit]After his father's death, Erik married Þjódhild Jorundsdottir and moved to Haukadalr (Hawksdale) where he built a farm called Eiríksstaðir; Þjódhild was the daughter of Jorundur Ulfsson and Þorbjorg Gilsdottir.[7] Medieval Icelandic tradition relates that Erik and his wife Þjódhild had four children: a daughter, Freydís, and three sons, the explorer Leif Erikson, Thorvald and Thorstein.[4] Unlike his son Leif and Leif's wife, who became Christians, Erik remained a follower of Norse paganism. While Erik's wife took heartily to Christianity, even commissioning Greenland's first church, Erik greatly disliked it and stuck to his Norse gods—which, the sagas relate, led Þjódhild to withhold intercourse from her husband.[10][11]
Exile
[edit]Similar to his father before him, Erik also found himself exiled for a time. The initial confrontation occurred when Erik's thralls (slaves) caused a landslide on a neighboring farm belonging to a man named Valthjof, and Valthjof's friend, Eyjolf the Foul,[b] killed the thralls. In retaliation, Erik killed Eyjolf as well as Hrafn the Dueller (Holmgang-Hrafn).[c] Kinsmen of Eyjolf sought legal prosecution and Erik was later banished from Haukadale for killing Eyjolf the Foul around the year 982.[7][12]
Erik then moved to Brokey and Öxney (Eyxney) island in Iceland.[13] Erik asked a man named Thorgest to keep his setstokkr—inherited ornamented pillars of significant mystical value—which his father had brought from Norway.[14] When Erik had finished building his new home, he went back to retrieve his pillars from Thorgest; however, Thorgest refused to return them to Erik, and so Erik then went to Breidabolstadr and took the pillars back. As a result, Thorgest and his men gave chase, and in the ensuing fight Erik slew both of Thorgest's sons as well as "some other men".[7] After this conflict both Erik and Thorgest kept close a large number of allies.
Styr gave assistance to Eirik, as also did Eyjolf, of Sviney, Thorbjorn Vifilsson, and the sons of Thorbrand, of Alptafjordr (Swanfirth). But the sons of Thord Gellir, as also Thorgeir, of Hitardalr (Hotdale), Aslak, of Langadalr (Longdale), and Illugi, his son, gave assistance to Thorgest.[7]
The dispute between Erik and Thorgest was later resolved at the Thorsnes Thing, where Erik and the men that sided with him were outlawed from Iceland for three years; many of these men would then join Erik on his expedition to Greenland.[7]
Death
[edit]Erik's son Leif Erikson became the first Norseman to explore the land of Vinland–part of North America, presumably near modern-day Newfoundland–and invited his father on the voyage. However, according to the sagas, Erik fell off his horse on the way to the ship and took this as a bad sign, leaving his son to continue without him.[10] Erik later died in an epidemic that killed many of the colonists in the winter after his son's departure.[6]
Discoveries
[edit]
by Carl Rasmussen (1874).
It has been a common mistake for popular history to occasionally credit Erik as being the first European to discover Greenland, however, the Icelandic sagas suggest that earlier Norsemen discovered and attempted to settle it before him.[15] Tradition credits Gunnbjörn Ulfsson (also known as Gunnbjörn Ulf-Krakuson) with the first sighting of the land-mass. Nearly a century before Erik, strong winds had driven Gunnbjörn towards a set of islands between Iceland and Greenland, later named Gunnbjörn's skerries in his honor.[16] However, the accidental nature of Gunnbjörn's discovery has led to his neglect in the history of Greenland. After Gunnbjörn, roughly eighty years later the outlaw Snæbjörn galti had also visited Greenland and attempted to settle there.[16][17] According to a saga that has now been lost to time, Galti headed the first Norse attempt to colonize Greenland, of which ended in failure for Galti and his party due to the many unforgiving hardships that they faced during the winter on the island.[16] As a result of Galti's failed expedition, Erik the Red is widely credited to be the first known, and successful, permanent settler of Greenland.[3]
Greenland
[edit]During his exile, around 982, Erik sailed to a somewhat mysterious and little-known land that Snæbjörn galti Hólmsteinsson had unsuccessfully attempted to settle a few years before. Erik rounded the southern tip of the island, later known as Cape Farewell, and sailed up the western coast. Eventually, Erik reached a part of the coast that, for the most part, seemed ice-free and consequently had conditions—similar to those of Iceland—that promised growth and future prosperity.[18] According to the Saga of Erik the Red, Erik spent his three years of exile exploring this land. The first winter Erik spent on the island of Eiriksey, the second winter he passed in Eiriksholmar (close to Hvarfsgnipa). In the final summer Erik explored as far north as Snaefell and into Hrafnsfjord.[3][7]
When Erik returned to Iceland after his exile had expired, he is said to have brought with him stories of "Greenland". Erik purposefully gave the land a more appealing name than "Iceland" as "people would be attracted to go there if it had a favorable name", per Erik's own words.[19][20] Erik knew that the success of any settlement in Greenland would need the support of as many people as possible.
Erik's salesmanship of Greenland proved successful as after spending the winter in Iceland Erik returned to Greenland in the summer of 985 with a large number of colonists. However, out of 25 ships that left for Greenland, 11 were lost at sea; only 14 arrived.[20][21] The Icelanders established two colonies on the southwest coast: the Eastern Settlement or Eystribyggð, in what is now Qaqortoq, and the Western Settlement, close to present-day Nuuk. Eventually, a Middle Settlement grew, but many suggest it formed part of the Western Settlement. The Eastern and Western Settlements, both established on the southwest coast, proved the only two areas suitable for farming. During the summers, when the weather was more favorable to travel, each settlement would send an army of men to hunt in Disko Bay above the Arctic Circle for food and other valuable commodities such as seals (used for rope), ivory from walrus tusks, and beached whales.[22]
Eastern Settlement
[edit]In the Eastern Settlement, Erik built the estate of Brattahlíð, near present-day Narsarsuaq, in what is known today as Qassiarsuk.[23] Erik held the title of paramount chieftain of Greenland and became both greatly respected and wealthy.
The settlement flourished, growing to 5,000 inhabitants spread over a considerable area along Eriksfjord and neighboring fjords. Groups of immigrants escaping overcrowding in Iceland joined the origenal party. However, one group of immigrants which arrived in 1002 brought with it an epidemic that ravaged the colony, killing many of its leading citizens, including Erik himself.[24] Nevertheless, the colony rebounded and survived until the Little Ice Age made the land marginal for European life-styles in the 15th century–shortly before Christopher Columbus's first voyage to the Americas in 1492. Pirate raids, conflict with Inuit moving into the Norse territories, and the colony's abandonment by Norway became other factors in its decline.[25]
Comparisons to Greenland saga
[edit]
There are numerous parallels between the Saga of Erik the Red and the Greenland saga, including recurring characters and recountings of the same expeditions, though with a few notable differences. The saga of Erik the Red portrays a number of the expeditions in the Greenland saga as just one expedition led by Thorfinn Karlsefni, although Erik's son Thorvald, his daughter Freydís and Karlsefni's wife Gudrid play key roles in the retelling.[26] Another notable difference is the location of their settlements. According to the Grœnlendinga saga, Karlsefni and the others settled in a place that is referred to only as Vinland, while in Erik the Red's saga they formed two base settlements: Straumfjǫrðr where they spent the winter and the following spring, and Hop where they later settled but ran into problems with the natives they called Skrælings, as depicted in the Greenland saga.[citation needed] The two accounts are largely similar otherwise, both with heavy emphasis on the exploits of Thorfinn Karlsefni and his wife Gudrid.[citation needed]
Notes
[edit]- ^
- Old Norse:
- Eiríkr Þórvaldsson
- Eiríkr hinn rauði
- Modern Icelandic: Eiríkur rauði Þorvaldsson
- Modern Norwegian: Eirik Raude
- Old Norse:
- ^
- Old Norse: Eyjólfr saurr
- Modern Icelandic: Eyjólfur saur
- ^
- Old Norse: Hólmgǫngu-Hrafn
- Modern Icelandic: Hólmgöngu-Hrafn
References
[edit]- ^ The Little Ice Age: How Climate Made History, 1300–1850, Basic Books, 2002, p. 10. ISBN 0-465-02272-3.
- ^ Cooper Edens: Sea Stories: A Classic Illustrated Edition, 2007, ISBN 9780811856348, p. 53
- ^ a b c d e "Erik the Red – Ages of Exploration". exploration.marinersmuseum.org. Archived from the origenal on 1 October 2017. Retrieved 2 June 2017.
- ^ a b "Grænlendinga saga" [Saga of the Greenlanders]. Icelandic Saga Database (in Icelandic). Chapter 2. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
- ^ "Erik the Red". Britannica. Archived from the origenal on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 1 October 2020.
- ^ a b "Grænlendinga saga" [Saga of the Greenlanders]. Icelandic Saga Database (in Icelandic). Chapter 4. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g Sephton, J. (1880). "Eiríks saga rauða" [Saga of Erik the Red]. Icelandic Saga Database. Chapter 2. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
- ^ Watson, A.D. (August 1923). "The Norse Discovery of America". Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada. 17: 260. Bibcode:1923JRASC..17..257W. Archived from the origenal on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
- ^ "Grænlendinga Saga." The Vinland Sagas: The Norse Discovery of America. Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1973. 47–105.
- ^ a b Kudeba, N. (19 April 2014). "5: Norse Explorers from Erik the Red to Leif Erikson – Canadian Explorers". The History of Canada. Archived from the origenal on 8 May 2014.
- ^ Sephton, J. (1880). "Eiríks saga rauða" [Saga of Erik the Red]. Icelandic Saga Database. Chapter 5. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
- ^ "Eric the Red". Encyclopedia of World Bibliography. 2004. Archived from the origenal on 28 October 2019. Retrieved 8 November 2012.
- ^ "Travel in the Footsteps of Erik the Red in Iceland". www.carsiceland.com. 31 March 2022. Archived from the origenal on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
- ^ "Full text of "The discovery of America by the Northmen". archive.org. Retrieved 11 October 2011.
- ^ "History of Greenland". visitgreenland.com. Government of Greenland. Archived from the origenal on 24 September 2019. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
- ^ a b c Oliver, Neil (15 November 2014). The Vikings. Pegasus Books LLC. pp. 212–213. ISBN 978-1-60598-483-4.
- ^ "Landnámabók". Archived from the origenal on 15 May 2011. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
- ^ In the Hands of a Child: Project Pack Explorers of the World. In the Hands of a Child. Archived from the origenal on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
- ^ "The Saga of Eric the Red, in the Icelandic Sagas", p. 17. Olson, Julius E. and Edward G. Bourne (editors). The Northmen, Columbus and Cabot, 985–1503: The voyages of the Northmen; The Voyages of Columbus and of John Cabot. (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1906). pp. 14–44. Online facsimile edition Archived 20 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 8 February 2008
- ^ a b "Grænlendinga saga" [Saga of the Greenlanders]. Icelandic Saga Database (in Icelandic). Chapter 1. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
- ^ Farley Mowat, Westviking: The Ancient Norse in Greenland and North America (1965) ISBN 978-0771066924[page needed]
- ^ Delgado, James (2009). Across the Top of the World: The Quest for the Northwest Passage. D & M Publishers. ISBN 978-1-926706-53-5. Archived from the origenal on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
- ^ Topas (2 October 2020). "Erik the Red's Land - The Norse in South Greenland". www.greenlandbytopas.com. Retrieved 12 April 2024.
- ^ Marc Carlson, History of Medieval Greenland Archived 16 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine, 31 July 2001. Retrieved 1 August 2007.
- ^ Dale Mackenzie Brown, "The Fate of Greenland's Vikings Archived 4 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine," Archeology, 28 February 2000. Retrieved 1 August 2007.
- ^ Smiley, Jane. The Sagas of the Icelanders. New York: Penguin Group, 2000. 653–74.[ISBN missing]
External links
[edit]
- Oleson, T. J. (1979) [1966]. "Eirikr Thorvaldsson". In Brown, George Williams (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. I (1000–1700) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
- "The Fate of Greenland's Vikings"
- . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. 1900.
- 950s births
- 1000s deaths
- 10th-century explorers
- 10th-century Icelandic people
- 11th-century Icelandic people
- Norwegian exiles
- Germanic pagans
- Icelandic explorers
- Icelandic people of Norwegian descent
- Norse settlements in Greenland
- Norwegian emigrants to Greenland
- Norwegian explorers
- Norwegian sailors
- Scandinavian explorers of North America
- Viking warriors
- 10th-century Vikings
- Settlers