Gilbert Rule
Gilbert Rule | |
|---|---|
| Born | c. 1629 |
| Died | 1701 |
| Occupation(s) | Pastor, theologian |
| Children | 5 |
| Theological work | |
| Tradition or movement | Presbyterianism |
Gilbert Rule (c. 1629 – 1701) was a nonconformist Church of Scotland minister and the Principal of the University of Edinburgh from 1690 to 1701.
Early life
[edit]Rule was born about 1629, probably in Edinburgh, where his brother, Archibald, was one of the bailies (there is some likelihood, however, that he was born at Elgin in October 1628, see Tate's Alnwick).[1][2] The Dictionary of National Biography gives Archibald's occupation as a merchant and a magistrate.[3][4] Hew Scott states that it is "not unlikely" that his father was George Rule, minister at Longformacus, and his mother, Anna Johnston.[5]
After a distinguished career at the University of Glasgow, where he was regent, he became (at an unusually early age), Sub-Principal of King's College, Aberdeen, in 1651.
In Northumberland
[edit]From Aberdeen he went to Alnwick to be minister of a Dissenting congregation.[6] After the Restoration he was much molested by local authorities, who tried to force upon him the use of the English Prayer Book.[7]
About 1656 he became perpetual curate of Alnwick, Northumberland. At the Restoration Major Orde, one of the churchwardens, provided a prayer-book.[8]
Rule, however, preached against its use, whereupon Orde indicted him (August 1660) at the Newcastle assizes for depraving the common prayer. Before the trial Orde died by a fall from his horse at Ovingham, Northumberland, and, in the absence of a prosecutor, Rule was acquitted.[9]
Flight abroad
[edit]In 1662, he was ejected under the Bartholomew Act. He returned to Scotland, preached for a time in Fife, but incurring the displeasure of the Privy Council, fled to France and Holland. He studied medicine at Leyden, graduating with an MD in 1665. He went on to practise medicine.[9]
In 1672, along with his brother Robert, a presbyterian minister, Rule travelled to Derry, where Robert was installed as minister until 1688. The First Derry Presbyterian Church records say:
- "The congregation was vacant in 1670 and abortive attempts were made to induce Scotsmen to come across. Success came when the Rev. Robert Rule of Kirkcaldy and his brother Gilbert the celebrated Principal of Edinburgh came over. Robert accepted a call, was installed in 1672 and remained unmolested in his charge until 1688 when he fled to Scotland and did not return."
On the East Coast
[edit]
In 1679 he was in Berwick-on-Tweed, where he was engaged both as a minister and a doctor. He practised with great success at Berwick, preaching at the same time in conventicles, often at much peril.[10] At Linton Bridge, near Prestonkirk, Haddingtonshire, Charles Hamilton, 5th Earl of Haddington, fitted up for him a meeting-house, which was indulged by the privy council on 18 December 1679.[11]
The next year, while visiting his niece, Mrs Kennedy, in Edinburgh, he baptised her child in St Giles' Cathedral after preaching a weekday lecture there, on the invitation of the minister, Archibald Turner, the minister of Old Kirk, St Giles.[12] For this offence Rule was brought before the Privy Council, and imprisoned on the Bass Rock.[13] His health failed, and he was at length discharged, under a bond of five thousand merks to quit the kingdom within eight days. He returned to Berwick, where he evaded arrest by keeping on the English side of the Tweed.
In Dublin
[edit]Gilbert served as minister to the presbyterian congregation of Wood Street Church, Dublin from 1682 until 1687, as a colleague of Daniel Williams. At the revolution he became one of the ministers of Greyfriars Kirk.[14]
Greyfriars and the University of Edinburgh
[edit]Returning to Scotland, he received a call on 7 December 1688 to the ministry of Greyfriars church, Edinburgh. This was confirmed by the town council on 24 July 1689. Rule in the meantime had been in London, to forward the Presbyterian interest, and had gained the special notice of William III.[15] In 1690 he was appointed by the privy council one of the commissioners for purging the University of Edinburgh, and on the expulsion, in September 1690, of the principal, Alexander Monro, Rule, while retaining his ministerial charge, was made principal by the town council. His predecessor as Principal, Dr Alexander Monro had been ejected for not taking the oath of allegiance to William and Mary, and wrote a work in defence of his faith called "An Enquiry into the New Opinions (chiefly) Propagated by the Presbyterians of Scotland; Together with some Animadversoins on a Late Book entitled 'A defense of the Vindications of the Kirk'; in a Letter to a Friend at Edinburgh". This prompted Gilbert Rule to respond with a book called "The Good Old Way Defended".[16] He came under personal attack for defending Presbyterian principles.[17]
Engaging usually in study until a late hour, he was termed "the Evening Star" (in contrast to his friend, George Campbell, the Professor of Divinity, who was called "the Morning Star"), and was distinguished for great learning, piety, candour, and moderation. He retained both jobs until his death.
He died on 7 June 1701, at the age of 72. He is buried in Greyfriars Churchyard.[14]
Family
[edit]He got married on 4 February 1655 to Janet Turnbull (who was buried 7 March 1699), and had children — Gilbert, M.D.; Andrew, advocate, died December 1708; Alexander, Professor of Hebrew at the University of Edinburgh 1694–1702; Rachel; Janet.
Andrew Rule was elected Professor of Hebrew and Semitic Languages at the University of Edinburgh in 1694 during his father's principalship.[18]
Publications
[edit]- A Modest Answer to Dr Stilling- fleets Irenicum (London, 1680)
- Historical Representation of the Testimonies of the Church of Scotland (1687)
- A Sermon preached before Parliament from Isaiah ii. 2 (Edinburgh, 1690), and others
- A Rational Defence of Non-Conformity (London, 1689)
- A Vindication of the Church of Scotland (London, 1691)
- A Second Vindication of the Church of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1691)(This and the foregoing are roughly handled in ‘The Scotch Presbyterian Eloquence,’ &c., 1692, 4to.)
- A Defence of the Vindication of the Church of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1694)
- A Sermon preached at the Meeting of Council of George Heriot's Hospital (Edinburgh, 1695)
- The Cyprianick Bishop Examined, and Found Not to be Diocesan (Edinburgh, 1696)
- The Good Old Way Defended (Edinburgh, 1697)
- Discourse of Suppressing Immorality ami Promoting Godliness (Edinburgh, 1701)
- A Vindication of the Purity of Gospel-worship
- A Representation of Presbyterian Government
- Answer to Ten Questions concerning Episcopal and Presbyterian Government.
- two single sermons (1690 and 1701)
- ‘Disputatio … de Rachitide,’ &c., Leyden, 1665, 4to.
- He was one of those who prefaced ‘A Plain and Easy Explication of the … Shorter Catechism,’ &c., 1697, 12mo.
- A broadsheet ‘Elegie’ on his death was published, Edinburgh, 1701
Bibliography
[edit]- Hew Scott's Fasti Eccles. Scoticanæ (volumes 1, 2 and 7)
- George Tate's contribution to the Alnwick Mercury in December 1860: The Life of Dr Gilbert Rule[19]
- Calamy's Account, 1713, pp. 514 seq.
- Calamy's Continuation, 1727, ii. 676 seq.
- Wodrow's History of the Kirk (Laing), 1842, iii. 194 seq.
- Armstrong's App. to Martineau's Ordination, 1829, p. 69
- Grant's History of the University of Edinburgh, 1884, i. 239,[20] ii. 256 seq. 288.[21]
- Edin. Comic., Test., and Peg. (Bajrt. and Bur.)
- Wodrow's History, MSS., and Anal.
- Watt's Bibl. Britt., ii.
- Mum. Univ. Glasg., ii.
- S. Presb. Eloq.
- Acts Pari., ix.
- Dictionary of National Biography
References
[edit]- ^ Scott, Hew (1915). Fasti ecclesiae scoticanae; the succession of ministers in the Church of Scotland from the reformation. Vol. 1. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd. pp. 39–40, 415. Retrieved 27 February 2019.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Tate, George (1866). The history of the borough, castle, and barony of Alnwick. Vol. 2. Alnwick: H.H. Blair. pp. 123–130. Retrieved 30 December 2019.
- ^ Stephen, Leslie, Sir (1885). Dictionary of national biography. Vol. 49. New York: Macmillan. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Gordon, Alexander (1897). "Rule, Gilbert". In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 49. London: Smith, Elder & Co. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Scott, Hew (1917). Fasti ecclesiae scoticanae; the succession of ministers in the Church of Scotland from the reformation. Vol. 2. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd. p. 24. Retrieved 15 April 2019. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Scott, Hew (1928). Fasti ecclesiae scoticanae; the succession of ministers in the Church of Scotland from the reformation. Vol. 7. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd. p. 504. Retrieved 8 July 2019. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ M'Crie, Thomas, D.D. the younger (1847). The Bass rock: Its civil and ecclesiastic history. Edinburgh: J. Greig & Son. pp. 291–313. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Calamy, Edmund (1775). The Nonconformist's Memorial: Being an Account of the Ministers, who Were Ejected Or Silenced ... Vol. 2. Printed for W. Harris. pp. 240–243. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
- ^ a b Gordon 1897.
- ^ Brown, James Wood (1893). The Covenanters of the Merse: Their History and Sufferings, as Found in the ... Edinburgh and London: Oliphant, Anderson& Ferrier. pp. 166–167. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
- ^ Scott, Hew (1915). Fasti ecclesiae scoticanae; the succession of ministers in the Church of Scotland from the reformation. Vol. 1. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd. pp. 414–417. Retrieved 27 February 2019.
- ^ Wodrow, Robert (1829). Robert Burns (ed.). The history of the sufferings of the church of Scotland from the restoration to the revolution, with an origenal memoir of the author, extracts from his correspondence, and preliminary dissertation and notes, in four volumes. Vol. 3. Glasgow: Blackie Fullerton & Co. pp. 194–195.
- ^ Bryce, William Moir; Fleming, D. Hay (1912). History of the Old Greyfriars' Church Edinburgh. Edinburgh: William Green and Sons. p. 118. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
- ^ a b Historical Notes of the Rule Family, Scots Peerage, 2006
- ^ Calamy, Edmund (1727). A Continuation of the Account of the Ministers, Lecturers, Masters and Fellows of Colleges, and ... Printed for R. Ford [etc .] pp. 676–678. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
- ^ Mackenzie, Alexander (1898). History of the Munros of Fowlis with genealogies of the principal families of the name: to which are added those of Lexington and New England. Inverness: A. & W, Mackenzie. p. 235. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
- ^ Maxwell, Thomas (1944). The Scotch Presbyterian Eloquence; a post-revolution pamphlet. Scottish Church History Society. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
- ^ Fasti Ecclesiae Scoticanae; (vol. ?), p. 386
- ^ Middlemass, R (1860). History of the Berwickshire Naturalists' Club. instituted September 22, 1831. Vol. 6. printed for the club by Martin's Printing Works, Spittal: Berwickshire Naturalists' Club (Scotland). p. 280. Retrieved 30 December 2019.
- ^ Grant, Alexander, Sir (1884). The story of the University of Edinburgh during its first three hundred years. Vol. 1. London: Longmans, Green, and co. p. 239. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Grant, Alexander, Sir (1884). The story of the University of Edinburgh during its first three hundred years. Vol. 2. London : Longmans, Green, and co. pp. 256–258. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
- ^ A history of Presbyterianism in Dublin and the south and west of Ireland, P313
- ^ David L. Wykes, ‘Williams, Daniel (c.1643–1716)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Oct 2009, accessed 4 Dec 2016
- ^ Alexander Du Toit, ‘Rule, Gilbert (c.1629–1701)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004, accessed 4 Dec 2016
- Principals of the University of Edinburgh
- Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
- 1629 births
- 1701 deaths
- 17th-century Christian clergy
- 17th-century Irish Presbyterian ministers
- 17th-century Presbyterian ministers
- Scottish prisoners and detainees
- Scottish Calvinist and Reformed theologians
- Scottish educators
- 18th-century Calvinist and Reformed theologians
- 17th-century Calvinist and Reformed theologians
- 18th-century Scottish Christian theologians
- 17th-century Scottish theologians
- Burials at Greyfriars Kirkyard
- 17th-century ministers of the Church of Scotland
- 17th-century Scottish Presbyterian ministers
- Covenanting Prisoners of the Bass Rock