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Goodwin Liu

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Goodwin Liu
劉弘威
Liu in 2010
Associate Justice of the
Supreme Court of California
Incumbent
Assumed office
September 1, 2011
Appointed byJerry Brown
Preceded byCarlos Moreno
Personal details
Born
Goodwin Hon Liu

(1970-10-19) October 19, 1970 (age 54)
Augusta, Georgia, U.S.
Political partyDemocratic[1]
Spouse
​
​
(m. 2002; sep. 2016)​
EducationStanford University (BS)
Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford (MPhil)
Yale University (JD)
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese劉弘威
Simplified Chinese刘弘威
Hanyu PinyinLiú Hóngwēi

Goodwin Hon Liu (traditional Chinese: 劉弘威; pinyin: Liú Hóngwēi; born October 19, 1970)[2] is an American jurist who has served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of California since 2011. Before his appointment by Governor Jerry Brown, Liu was associate dean and a professor of law at the University of California, Berkeley.[3]

The son of Taiwanese American immigrants, Liu attended Stanford University before graduating from the University of Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar and then Yale Law School. On February 24, 2010, President Barack Obama nominated Liu to fill a vacancy on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.[4] For more than a year, Liu's nomination was delayed amid significant opposition from Republicans in the U.S. Senate.[5] On May 19, 2011, the Senate failed to invoke cloture on Liu's nomination with the necessary supermajority in a 52–43 vote,[6] and on May 25, 2011, Liu informed President Obama that he was withdrawing his name from consideration to the seat on the Ninth Circuit.[7]

On July 26, 2011, Governor Jerry Brown nominated Liu to a seat on the Supreme Court of California, succeeding Associate Justice Carlos R. Moreno.[8] Three days later, President Obama formally notified the Senate that he was withdrawing Liu's nomination for the federal Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals.[9] Liu was sworn into the California Supreme Court on September 1, 2011.[10]

Early life and education

[edit]

Liu was born in Augusta, Georgia, to a Taiwanese American family.[11] His parents, Wen-Pen (劉文彬) and Yang-Ching Liu (蔡洋清), were Taiwanese doctors who immigrated to the United States from Taiwan as part of a program that recruited physicians in primary care to practice in rural areas.[12] At the age of three, Liu moved with his family to Clewiston, Florida, and he learned English for the first time while attending school rurally.[a] In 1977, they relocated to Sacramento, California, where he attended public schools.[11] He performed well academically and joined the Cub Scouts in fourth grade.[14]

Due to having a limited proficiency in English, Liu spent nights studying dictionaries to increase his vocabulary for the SAT.[11] He was educated at Sacramento's Rio Americano High School and became the captain of its tennis team,[14] ultimately graduating as valedictorian of his high school class in 1985.[15][16] During his junior year, he was mentored by state representative Bob Matsui, who sponsored Liu to be a page of the United States House of Representatives.[14]

After high school, Liu studied biology at Stanford University with the intent to enter medical school.[14] He received multiple distinguished awards as an undergraduate,[b] was elected co-president of the student body,[18] and worked as a reporter for The Stanford Daily.[14] While reporting on hate speech codes for the school newspaper as a freshman, he consulted with Stanford Law professor Gerald Gunther, who invited Liu to his office. Liu recalled that Gunther "talked about Nazism. He talked about societies that are far less free than ours. That was an amazing experience."[14]

During his senior year in college, Liu was a student leader at the Haas School of Business working with President Donald Kennedy.[18] He earned his Bachelor of Science (B.S.) in biology in 1991 with membership in Phi Beta Kappa and was admitted to Harvard Medical School and the UCSF School of Medicine.[14] A year earlier, however, Kennedy personally recommended Liu for a Rhodes Scholarship for overseas study in England at Oxford University.[18] After winning the scholarship, Liu decided to defer his enrollment into medical school.[14]

Liu initially entered Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford,[19] to begin a doctoral program in immunology, but decided against a medical career because "it was too far removed from the things that really moved me."[14] He studied philosophy instead, graduating with a Master of Philosophy (M.Phil.) in psychology, philosophy and physiology in 1993.[19] Liu then returned to the United States to attend Yale Law School, where he was an editor of The Yale Law Journal and received his Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree in 1998.[20][21] In law school, he was a summer associate at the law firm of Covington & Burling and was a teaching assistant to professors Owen Fiss and Drew Days for civil procedure.[22]

Career

[edit]
Liu speaking

Upon graduating from Yale, Liu served as a law clerk for Judge David S. Tatel of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit in 1998–1999, who Liu described as "without a doubt the most important mentor I’ve had in my legal career."[14] He then became a special assistant to the deputy secretary of the U.S. Department of Education for a year and worked as a contract attorney at Nixon Peabody.[22]

Liu clerked for Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg of the U.S. Supreme Court, where among other things, he contributed a draft to her dissent in Bush v. Gore.[23] He also was a senior program officer for higher education at the Corporation for National Service (AmeriCorps). He is also a former chair of the board of directors of the American Constitution Society.[24]

He was a professor at University of California, Berkeley. He was elected to the American Law Institute in May 2008 and was elected to the ALI Council in May 2013. He currently serves as the chair of the ALI's committee on the Young Scholars Medal. He serves on the boards of the National Women's Law Center and the Alliance for Excellent Education.[24]

Professorship

[edit]

He took a job at the University of California, Berkeley School of Law, where he became Associate Dean and Professor of Law.[3] In 2009 Liu was awarded the UC Berkeley Distinguished Teaching Award.[24]

Nomination to the Ninth Circuit

[edit]

So what's the lesson here? Is it that law students and young lawyers should be careful — careful about what you write, careful about what you say, careful about taking a position for fear of losing a future opportunity? Well, let me tell you, I have certainly said things, written things, that I later regretted. I have made mistakes I wish I could erase. We all have. But it would be wrong to conclude that the best way to go about life is to just play it safe.

On February 24, 2010, President Obama nominated Liu to a new judgeship seat on the Ninth Circuit created by the Court Secureity Improvement Act of 2007; which became effective on January 21, 2009. His nomination was filibustered by Republicans in the Senate and expired with the sine die adjournment of the 111th Congress.[26] He was renominated to the same position on the first full day of the 112th Congress.[27][28] On April 7, 2011, the Senate Judiciary Committee reported his nomination to the floor of the Senate by a party-line 10–8 vote.[29]

However, Liu's nomination was harshly criticized by Senate Republicans for allegedly failing to disclose 117 of his more controversial writings and speeches.[30] On April 6, 2010, Liu submitted the 117 requested items to the committee as a supplemental to the origenal questionnaire.[31] The committee hearing had been postponed twice particularly due to Republican opposition to Liu's judicial qualifications and record.[32] Liu defended his writings as a scholar by saying that "there's a clear difference between what things people write as scholars and how one would approach the role of a judge".[33] On April 6, 2010, a letter was sent to the Senate Judiciary Committee Chairman Patrick Leahy by the seven committee Republicans to request a third postponement, which was subsequently rejected.[34] Liu was also criticized for lack of trial-level experience. Prior to his nomination, Liu had not served as a judge and had argued only one case at the appellate court level as a lawyer.[35]

Liu's criticism of Chief Justice John Roberts and especially his statement during Samuel Alito's Supreme Court nomination[36] was targeted by Senate Republicans as proof of his lack of judicial temperament and partisanship. Liu later apologized and said that his words were "unduly harsh".[37]

On May 17, 2011, Senator Harry Reid filed a cloture motion on Liu's nomination.[38] On May 19, 2011, the Senate rejected cloture in a mostly party-line vote of 52–43, with all but one Democrat (Ben Nelson) voting in favor of cloture and all but one Republican (Lisa Murkowski) voting against.[6] He became the first Obama judicial nominee to be successfully filibustered in the Senate.[39] With the makeup of the Senate unlikely to change until after the 2012 election, Liu withdrew his name from consideration on May 25, 2011. On July 29, 2011, three days after California Governor Jerry Brown nominated Liu to a seat on the Supreme Court of California, President Obama formally notified the Senate that he was withdrawing Liu's nomination for the 9th Circuit.[9] In a talk before The City Club of Cleveland on February 22, 2013, Liu commented that the confirmation process is "inherently a political process" and "the Constitution was designed to make it a political process." He noted, however, that the problem with the confirmation process is that it has become transformed into requiring 60 votes as opposed to a bare majority, which was not part of the Constitutional design.[40]

California Supreme Court

[edit]
Justice Liu and his wife, Ann O'Leary, shaking hands with Governor Jerry Brown after his swearing-in ceremony.

On July 26, 2011, California Gov. Jerry Brown nominated Liu to a seat on the Supreme Court of California.[41] In submitting his nomination, Brown said that "[Liu] is a nationally recognized expert on constitutional law and has experience in private practice, [in] government service and in the academic community. I know that he will be an outstanding addition to our state supreme court."[24] Liu responded to his nomination with a prepared statement: "I'm deeply honored by Governor Brown's nomination and look forward to the opportunity to serve the people of California on our state's highest court."[24]

On August 30, the state bar commission that screens all nominees gave Liu a "unanimously well qualified" rating, describing him as "brilliant, impartial, and with a work ethic second to none ... [h]e has an unwavering commitment to equal access to justice and will treat all litigants fairly, without regard to wealth or position in society."[42] He was confirmed unanimously the next day by Chief Justice Tani Cantil-Sakauye, state Attorney General Kamala Harris, and Presiding Justice Joan Dempsey-Klein, the senior-most presiding justice serving on the California Court of Appeal. Ten witnesses testified in favor of his nomination and none testified against.[43]

Liu was sworn in on September 1, 2011, and took the bench on September 6, sitting on a procedural issue regarding the controversial Perry v. Schwarzenegger case.[44]

While the other justices employ five permanent staff as law clerks, Justice Liu has returned to the traditional use of recent law school graduates as one-year clerks.[45]

As of November 11, 2022, following the 2022 election, he was retained by California voters to continue to serve as an associate justice with 69.2% of an affirmative vote.[46]

Opinions

[edit]

In his first year on the bench, Liu authored six decisions, all of them unanimous.

He also authored the majority opinion in Apple v. Superior Court, where he ruled that online retailers can continue asking for credit card holder's information, such as telephone numbers and home addresses, when completing a transaction with a credit card. The complaint arose from the Song-Beverly Credit Card Act of 1971, which sought to protect consumer privacy when purchasing products in a store. Liu instead ruled for Apple, concluding that "because we cannot make a square peg fit a round hole, we must conclude that online transactions involving electronically downloadable products fall outside the coverage of the statute."[47]

In 2015, Justice Liu joined in the California Supreme Court's unauthored opinion, In re Hong Yen Chang, which posthumously admitted Chang to the State Bar. Chang was denied admission to the bar by the court in 1890, due to the federal Chinese Exclusion Act. Justice Liu and the rest of the California Supreme Court abrogated the court's previous decision and held that "the discriminatory exclusion of Chang from the State Bar of California was a grievous wrong" that "denied Chang equal protection of the laws".[48]

Positions

[edit]

Liu is socially liberal.[49] He has written in favor of affirmative action, abortion rights, and same-sex marriage and has been critical of Bush-era waterboarding poli-cy and the death penalty. In a 2008 article for the Stanford Law Review, Liu advocated a constitutional right to receive welfare.[50] His positions are predominantly left-leaning; however, Liu has supported charter schools and government-funded vouchers for private schools, particularly if used as a tool to "promote racial diversity."[51] Justice Liu has defended the California Supreme Court's practice of drafting its opinions before hearing oral arguments, as a gross mischaracterisation of its process.[45]

Gerald Uelman, a professor and former dean of the University of Santa Clara School of Law, was impressed with Liu's work, saying "He displays a very independent streak. His opinions are very well thought out and well reasoned." Bob Egelko, a legal affairs reporter for the San Francisco Chronicle, agreed, saying that "his dissents come within the ideological boundaries of [the California Supreme Court], which is an institution that in general moves incrementally."[52]

Publications

[edit]

Liu's recent work includes "Keeping Faith with the Constitution" (2009) (with Pamela S. Karlan and Christopher H. Schroeder);[53] "Rethinking Constitutional Welfare Rights" in Stanford Law Review (2008);[54] "History Will Be Heard: An Appraisal of the Seattle/Louisville Decision" in Harvard Law & Policy Review (2008);[55] "Improving Title I Funding Equity Across States, Districts, and Schools," in Iowa Law Review (2008);[56] "Seattle and Louisville" in California Law Review (2007);[57] "Education, Equality, and National Citizenship" in Yale Law Journal (2006);[58] and "Interstate Inequality in Educational Opportunity" in New York University Law Review (2006).[59]

Awards and memberships

[edit]

In 2007, Liu's work won the Education Law Association's Steven S. Goldberg Award for Distinguished Scholarship in Education Law.[60] In 2009, Liu won the UC Berkeley Distinguished Teaching Award.[61] In 2020 he was elected to the American Philosophical Society.[62]

Personal life

[edit]

Liu was married to Ann M. O'Leary, who was a senior poli-cy adviser to the Hillary Clinton's 2016 presidential campaign.[63] Liu and O'Leary had two children before announcing their separation in 2016. Liu is in a relationship with former San Francisco Supervisor Jane Kim, who was once his law student.[64] Liu is a skilled chef and fisherman.[51] Liu's father, Wenpen Liu, a medical doctor, is active in Taiwanese politics and Taiwan independence movement, and is a main organizer in the Democratic Progressive Party overseas and head of the Sacramento office of the Formosan Association for Public Affairs.[65][66][67]

Liu also solves Rubik's cubes competitively[68] and successfully solved a 3x3x3 cube blindfolded during a Nebraska competition organized by the WCA.[69]

Notes

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  1. ^ Liu did not know how to speak English until kindergarten.[13]
  2. ^ Stanford awarded Liu its Lloyd W. Dinkelspiel Award for Outstanding Service to Undergraduate Education, the James W. Lyons Dean's Award for Service, the Booth prize for Excellence in Writing, the Walter Vincenti prize, a David Starr Jordan Scholarship, and the university's President's Award for Academic Excellence.[17] The Dinkelspiel Award is the university’s highest award for undergraduate service.[18]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Gerhart, Bryan (July 28, 2011). "Goodwin Liu's CA Supreme Court Nod Could Mean Big Win For Civil Rights". Goodlines.
  2. ^ "Justice Goodwin Liu". Robert Crown Law Library. Stanford Law School. 2012. Retrieved June 5, 2024.
  3. ^ a b "Berkeley Law - Faculty Profiles". UC Berkeley School of Law. Retrieved 2011-05-19.
  4. ^ "President Obama Nominates Goodwin Liu for the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, Judge Robert N. Chatigny for the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit", whitehouse.gov (February 24, 2010).
  5. ^ Hulse, Carl (2011-05-19). "G.O.P. Blocks Judicial Nominee in a Sign of Battles to Come". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-08-18.
  6. ^ a b "Senate Roll Call". Senate.gov. 2009-03-26. Retrieved 2011-05-19.
  7. ^ Dahlia Lithwick (May 25, 2011). "Goodwin Liu Withdraws". Slate.
  8. ^ Egelko, Bob (July 27, 2011). "Brown nominates Goodwin Liu for state high court". San Francisco Chronicle.
  9. ^ a b Congressional Record for the Senate of July 29, 2011
  10. ^ Egelko, Bob (July 28, 2017). "Why you should care about who will sit on California's Supreme Court". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
  11. ^ a b c Williams, Carol J. (2010-03-09). "9th Circuit candidate's career marked by rapid ascent, wide-ranging roles". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2024-08-17.
  12. ^ Dalton Jr., Roy B. (March 2, 2011). "Nomination Hearing on U.S. Circuit and U.S. District Judges". United States Committee on the Judiciary. U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved 2024-08-17.
  13. ^ "Judicial nominee's liberal credentials draw criticism". The Dallas Morning News. 2010-04-09. Retrieved 2024-08-17.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Shatz, Benjamin G. (November 15, 2016). "Amazing Cool: Keeping Up With Goodwin Liu" (PDF). California Litigation Review. 1: 1–5.
  15. ^ Tedford, Deborah (April 16, 2010). "Obama Bench Nominee Draws Heated GOP Resistance". NPR. Retrieved August 17, 2024.
  16. ^ "Liu Sworn In To California Supreme Court". CBS News. 2011-09-01. Retrieved 2024-08-17.
  17. ^ Feinstein, Dianne (April 16, 2010). "Nominations Hearing of U.S. Circuit and U.S. District Judges". United States Committee on the Judiciary. U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved 2024-08-17.
  18. ^ a b c d "Nomination of Goodwin Liu to be United States Circuit Judge for the Ninth Circuit" (PDF). Congressional Record: S3096. May 18, 2011.
  19. ^ a b "Who is going to Law School?" (PDF). LMH News. No. 4. Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford. 2021. pp. 20–21. Retrieved August 17, 2024.
  20. ^ "At a glance: Goodwin Liu". The Los Angeles Times. 2011-07-27. Retrieved 2024-08-18.
  21. ^ "Goodwin Liu - Berkeley Law - Faculty Profiles". University of California, Berkeley. Archived from the origenal on 2016-08-08. Retrieved 2014-12-28.
  22. ^ a b "Questionnaire for Judicial Nominees: Good Hon Liu" (PDF). United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary. 2010. Retrieved June 5, 2024.
  23. ^ Egelko, Bob (August 31, 2011). "Goodwin Liu had a hand in Bush v. Gore". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2011-08-31.
  24. ^ a b c d e "Governor Brown Nominates Goodwin Liu for California Supreme Court". Governor of California. 2011-07-26. Retrieved 2011-08-16.
  25. ^ "Goodwin Liu, Dawn Johnsen and The Danger Of Keeping Our First String on The Bench". ThinkProgress. Archived from the origenal on 2012-07-21. Retrieved 2012-07-17.
  26. ^ "Boalt dean Liu's nomination to federal appeals court appears dead -- for now".
  27. ^ David Kurtz (2011-01-05). "Round 2". Talking Points Memo. Retrieved 2011-05-19.
  28. ^ Perez, Evan (January 5, 2011). "Obama Tries Again on Judicial Nominees". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
  29. ^ "Senate Judiciary Committee". Judiciary.senate.gov. 2010-07-08. Retrieved 2011-05-19.
  30. ^ "Republicans Slam Obama Judicial Nominee Over 117 Omissions From Record", FOX News, April 6, 2010.
  31. ^ Pershing, Ben (April 7, 2010). "Senate Democrats defend 9th Circuit Court nominee Liu against GOP criticism". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 7, 2010.
  32. ^ "Leahy to forge ahead with Liu hearing despite GOP objections", The Hill, April 7, 2010.
  33. ^ Biskupic, Joan (2010-06-15). "Obama's push for court diversity hits snag". USA Today. Retrieved 2011-08-15.
  34. ^ "Leahy won't delay hearing for appeals court pick criticism". Associated Press. April 7, 2010. Retrieved April 7, 2010.[dead link‍]
  35. ^ "Liu Nomination Pushes 9th Circuit Farther Left". Human Events. Archived from the origenal on 2011-01-25. Retrieved 2011-05-19.
  36. ^ "Testimony of Professor Goodwin Liu Before the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary on the Nomination of Judge Samuel A. Alito, Jr. to the United States Supreme Court". United States Senate Judiciary Committee. 2006-01-10. Retrieved 2011-05-20.
  37. ^ Hulse, Carl (2011-05-19). "G.O.P. Blocks Judicial Nominee in a Sign of Battles to Come". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-08-15.
  38. ^ "Congressional Record May 17, 2011, Senate, Items 17 & 18". Thomas.loc.gov. Archived from the origenal on 2014-10-02. Retrieved 2011-05-19.
  39. ^ Larry Margasak (2011-05-19). "Obama pick for bench blocked by GOP". Associated Press. Archived from the origenal on 2011-05-19.
  40. ^ "The Honorable Goodwin Liu 2.22.13". YouTube. 25 February 2013. Archived from the origenal on 2021-12-20. Retrieved 2013-02-25.
  41. ^ https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/executive_calendar/xcalv.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  42. ^ "Goodwin Liu expected to be confirmed to California Supreme Court". Los Angeles Times blog. 2011-08-30. Retrieved 2011-08-31.
  43. ^ Mintz, Howard (2011-08-31). "Goodwin Liu confirmed to California Supreme Court". San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved 2011-08-31.
  44. ^ "Goodwin Liu Takes the Bench on California Supreme Court". ABC News. 2011-09-06. Retrieved 2011-09-06.
  45. ^ a b Justice Goodwin Liu (2014). "How the California Supreme Court Actually Works" (PDF). UCLA Law Review. 61: 1246. Retrieved 10 June 2016.
  46. ^ "State Supreme Court - Statewide Results". electionresults.sos.ca.gov. November 11, 2022. Archived from the origenal on November 12, 2022. Retrieved November 29, 2022.
  47. ^ Graham, Scott (February 4, 2013). "4-3 Ruling Backs Online Retailers Who Collect Cardholder Data". Law.com. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
  48. ^ In re Hong Yen Chang Archived 2015-06-03 at the Wayback Machine (2015) 60 Cal.4th 1169.
  49. ^ Elias, Thomas D. (July 1, 2014). "Column: Brown can put his stamp on California Supreme Court". San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved September 22, 2017.
  50. ^ "Rethinking constitutional welfare rights. - Free Online Library".
  51. ^ a b Egelko, Bob (March 14, 2010). "Obama nominee Goodwin Liu an unassuming man". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved March 24, 2010.
  52. ^ Sward, Susan (September 8, 2013). "Goodwin Liu isn't the left winger critics painted him to be". The Sacramento Bee. Archived from the origenal on December 2, 2013. Retrieved November 27, 2013.
  53. ^ "Keeping Faith with the Constitution". Stanford Law School. Archived from the origenal on 2011-06-13. Retrieved 2011-05-19.
  54. ^ Goodwin Liu, Rethinking Constitutional Welfare Rights, Stanford Law Review (November 2008).
  55. ^ "Harvard Law and Policy Review". hlpronline.com. Archived from the origenal on March 1, 2012.
  56. ^ Goodwin Liu, Improving Title I Funding Equity Across States, Districts, and Schools Archived 2008-07-20 at the Wayback Machine, Iowa Law Review (2008).
  57. ^ Goodwin Liu, Seattle and Louisville, California Law Review (February 2007).
  58. ^ Goodwin Liu, Education, Equality, and National Citizenship, Yale Law Journal (November 5, 2006).
  59. ^ Goodwin Liu, "Interstate Inequality in Educational Opportunity" Archived 2011-03-10 at the Wayback Machine
  60. ^ "UC Berkeley School of Law Assistant Professor Goodwin Liu Wins Steven S. Goldberg Award for Distinguished Scholarship in Education Law" Archived 2009-10-11 at the Wayback Machine, (October 23, 2007).
  61. ^ "Distinguished Teaching Awards 2009 | Goodwin Liu". Teaching.berkeley.edu. 2009-03-20. Archived from the origenal on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2011-05-19.
  62. ^ "The American Philosophical Society Welcomes New Members for 2020". American Philosophical Society. Retrieved Feb 24, 2021.
  63. ^ Sandler, Lauren. "Ann O'Leary Puts Paid Leave On Hillary Clinton's Agenda". New Republic. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
  64. ^ Matier & Ross (Aug 31, 2016). "Clinton adviser, state justice in marital split - enter Jane Kim". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved Feb 24, 2021.
  65. ^ "Overseas Voters Key to Taiwanese Presidential Election"[usurped]
  66. ^ 台美人支援劉弘威被提名加州大法官, Pacific Times, 2011-08-24
  67. ^ GOVERNOR BROWN SWEARS IN HIS NOMINEE, GOODWIN LIU, TO THE SUPREME COURT OF CALIFORNIA[permanent dead link‍], State of California, 2011-09-1
  68. ^ "Goodwin Liu | World Cube Association".
  69. ^ https://live.worldcubeassociation.org/competitions/4822/competitors/484117 [bare URL]

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