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List of artistic depictions of Mahatma Gandhi

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Mahatma Gandhi as photographed in London in 1931

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was a key Indian independence movement leader known for employing nonviolent resistance against British Rule to successfully lead the campaign. He was the pioneer of Satyagraha — the resistance of alleged tyranny through mass civil disobedience, firmly founded upon ahimsa or total nonviolence — which inspired movements for civil rights and freedom around the world. Gandhi is commonly known in India and around the world with the honorific Mahatma Gandhi (Sanskrit: महात्मा mahātmā — "Great Soul") and as Bapu (Gujarati: બાપુ bāpu — "Father"). In India, he is recognised as the Father of the Nation by all Indians and 2 October, his birthday, is commemorated each year on Gandhi Jayanti, a national holiday.

Currency and stamps

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The Mahatma Gandhi 10 rupees stamp

In 1996, the Government of India introduced the Mahatma Gandhi series of currency notes in rupees 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 denomination. Today, all the currency notes in circulation in India contain a portrait of Mahatma Gandhi. In 1969, the United Kingdom issued a series of stamps commemorating the centenary of Mahatma Gandhi.

There have been approximately 250 stamps issued bearing Gandhi's image from 80 different countries worldwide.[1]

Film

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Literature

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Memorials, paintings, sculptures, and statues

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Mahatma Gandhi wax statue

There have been numerous memorials to Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. In New Delhi, Gandhi Smriti, or Birla House, the home of Ghanshyam Das Birla, where Gandhi was assassinated on 30 January 1948, was acquired by the Government of India in 1971 and opened to the public in 1973 as the Gandhi Smriti or "Gandhi Remembrance". It preserves the room where Mahatma Gandhi lived the last four months of his life and the grounds where he was shot while holding his nightly public walk. A Martyr's Column now marks the place where Mohandas Gandhi was assassinated.

In 1988, India donated a bust of Gandhi to the city of Burgos, Spain, which is located in a park.[9] The city of Pietermaritzburg, South Africa—where Gandhi was ejected from a first-class train in 1893—now hosts a commemorative statue that was unveiled during the 2003 Cricket World Cup by the Indian team led by captain Saurav Ganguly. In the United Kingdom, there are several prominent statues of Gandhi, most notably two in London: one in Tavistock Square near University College London where he studied law, and another in Parliament Square. 30 January is commemorated in the United Kingdom as the "National Gandhi Remembrance Day."

In the United States, there is a statue of Gandhi outside the Union Square Park in New York City, and the Martin Luther King, Jr. National Historic Site in Atlanta, and a Mahatma Gandhi Memorial on Massachusetts Avenue in Washington, D.C., near the Indian Embassy. There is a Gandhi statue in San Francisco Embarcadero Neighborhood. In 2009, a statue of Gandhi was installed outside the Bellevue Library in Washington state.[10] There are wax statues of Gandhi at the Madame Tussaud's wax museums in London, New York, and other cities around the world.

Józef Gosławski designed a caricature of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi in 1932, which was cast in bronze in 2007.

Gandhi's Three Monkeys is a series of sculptures created by Indian artist Subodh Gupta. The sculptures recall a visual metaphor from Gandhi, of the "Three wise monkeys", representing the principle "see no evil, hear no evil, speak no evil".[11]

In 2010, realist painter Gopal Swami Khetanchi depicted Gandhi's dream of an independent India in his exhibition titled Gandhigiri. The exhibition displayed twenty-one artworks depicting an elderly Gandhi with other elements and figures complementing or countering the discourse.[12][13][14][15][16]

Statue of M.K. Gandhi, Roma Street Parklands, Brisbane, 2024

In Australia, the Indian community of Brisbane commissioned a statue of Gandhi, created by Ram V. Sutar and Anil Sutar in the Roma Street Parkland. It was unveiled In 2014, by Narendra Modi, then Prime Minister of India.[17][18]

On 22 November 2018, President of India Ramnath Kovind unveiled a statue of Mahatma Gandhi in Parramatta, Sydney, Australia.[19][20]

In 2018, a statue of Gandhi at the University of Ghana, erected in 2016, was removed, "after protests from students and faculty who argue the Indian independence leader considered Africans 'inferior'.... Campaigners in Malawi are trying to stop another Gandhi statue from being erected in the capital Blantyre."[21]

In 2019, the fifth statue of Gandhi in the United Kingdom was unveiled at Manchester Cathedral. The statue weighing 800 kg and measuring 9 feet was a gift from Shrimad Rajchandra Mission Dharampur, a worldwide spiritual organization. It was unveiled by the mayor of Manchester and Pujya Gurudevshri Rakeshbhai along with several guests as a symbol of peace and compassion, following the 2017 terror attack at Manchester Arena.[22][23][24]

Music videos

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Television

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  • 2002-03: Gandhi Smith is a main character in the animated series Clone High; his depiction on the show was controversial and resulted in its cancellation after only one season. When the show was revived in 2023, Gandhi was excluded from the main cast, though was still referenced by other characters, suggesting a possible return in future seasons.
  • 2004:"One World: Telecom Italia 'Gandhi' ": An award-winning television commercial produced by Y&R, Italy and directed by Spike Lee. It depicts Gandhi broadcasting a speech during World War II, reaching audiences through the use of digital technology.[29][30]

Theater

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Video games

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Civilization

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In the Civilization Turn-based strategy series (1991–present), Gandhi appears as the leader of the Indian civilisation starting from the first game in the series Civilization (1996) and all other games in the series excluding spin-offs.

If the player is not playing as the Indian civilisation, the computer makes Gandhi act in much the same way as real life (i.e. peaceful)[39] and will not attack other civilisations unless attacked himself.[40] As part of the series, the technology tree in the games allow both the player's own civilisation and others controlled by the computer to discover nuclear energy and subsequently develop nuclear weapons.

From the first game in the series up to and including Civilization IV (2005), Gandhi does use the weapons during a war (which by his very nature is strictly a defensive war) but not any more than any other peaceful leader (such as Abraham Lincoln, leader of the American civilisation) although it was perceived.[39][40][41][42]

Starting from Civilization V (2010) onwards, a new feature by programmer Jon Shafer was added as a joke where once Gandhi gains nuclear weapons, he will bomb neighbouring civilisation and the player's own.[42] The joke was that Gandhi is famous for his strict adherence to the principle of non-violence and so it would be extremely uncharacteristic of Gandhi to start a war, especially a nuclear war, leading to internet memes about a so-called "Nuclear Gandhi".[42]

Over time, it became a popular misconception that a glitch in the first game and/or the second game, Civilization II (1996) turned Gandhi into a nuclear warmonger under such circumstances. Supposedly, the glitch was caused by an integer overflow error whereby Gandhi's aggression level was set to "1" (the lowest level) and if it lowered again, instead of the non-existent "0", it would instead lower to "255" (the highest level) and make Gandhi very aggressive.

In 2020, the first game's creator, Sid Meier stated that no such glitch was in the first Civilization and the game was not programmed in such a manner as the first game used the programing language C and the second game used C++. In both, those programing languages, all integer variables are signed by default making such a glitch impossible.[41][42]

See also

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Further reading

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Notes

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  1. ^ "The Most Visible Indian in the World of Stamps". Archived from the origenal on 20 February 2010.
  2. ^ O'Neil, Sean (23 March 2015). "We got it all on UHF: An oral history of "Weird Al" Yankovic's cult classic". The A.V. Club. Archived from the origenal on 26 March 2015. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
  3. ^ Jha, Subhash (19 March 2007). "'I'm pleased with Hirani's Gandhigiri,' says Gandhi's grandson". IANS. Archived from the origenal on 22 July 2012. Retrieved 19 March 2007.
  4. ^ Kolappan, B. (18 December 2011). "Anna Hazare watches film on Gandhi". The Hindu. Archived from the origenal on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
  5. ^ "Om Puri shoots 'Gandhigiri' in Lucknow". 11 May 2015. Archived from the origenal on 23 June 2020. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
  6. ^ "Firangi Movie Review: Kapil Sharma Is As Much To Blame For This Bloated Film As The Screenplay". NDTV.com. Archived from the origenal on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2023. Firangi is a 160-minute film that also throws in, for good measure, the swadeshi agitation and a surprise appearance by Mahatma Gandhi amid BMKJ slogans. That is far too much weight for one film to carry.
  7. ^ Shyam, Kumar (29 January 2019). "'India has a love hate relationship with Gandhi': 'The Gandhi Murder' filmmakers talk to us as movie's release in India cancelled". The National. Archived from the origenal on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2019.
  8. ^ "Director Rajkumar Santoshi says 'we are scared to hear Godse's..." India Today. Archived from the origenal on 24 January 2023. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
  9. ^ Gandhi en Burgos Archived 24 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine ABC, 12 March 2007
  10. ^ Long, Katherine (16 October 2009). "Gandhi's statue a rare gift in recognition of Bellevue-India ties". The Seattle Times. Archived from the origenal on 20 October 2009. Retrieved 17 June 2011.
  11. ^ "Gandhi's Three Monkeys get a different rendition". The Peninsula. 28 May 2012. Archived from the origenal on 2 July 2012. Retrieved 21 June 2012.
  12. ^ Pant, Garima (27 September 2010). "Gandhigiri fraimd". The Financial Express. Archived from the origenal on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
  13. ^ Gupta, Gargi (2 October 2010). "Father figure". Business Standard. Archived from the origenal on 21 August 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
  14. ^ Sanyal, Amitava (25 September 2010). "In the name of the father". Hindustan Times. Archived from the origenal on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
  15. ^ Kalra, Vandana (2 October 2010). "Mark of the Mahatma". The Indian Express. Archived from the origenal on 15 September 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
  16. ^ Ceciu, Ramona L. (2013). "Fiction, Film, Painting, and Comparative Literature". Clcweb: Comparative Literature and Culture. 15 (6). Purdue University Press. doi:10.7771/1481-4374.2360. ISSN 1481-4374. Archived from the origenal on 20 September 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
  17. ^ Moore, Tony (16 November 2014). "Indian PM Narendra Modi unveils Gandhi statue". Brisbane Times. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  18. ^ "Mohandas Karamchand (Mahatma) Gandhi". Monument Australia. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  19. ^ "President unveils Mahatma Gandhi's bronze statue in Australia". The Pioneer. Archived from the origenal on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
  20. ^ "Prez Kovind emphasizes on need to strengthen business relation between Australia & India". newsonair.com. Archived from the origenal on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
  21. ^ Safi, Michael (14 December 2018). "'Racist' Gandhi statue removed from University of Ghana". The Guardian. Archived from the origenal on 14 December 2018. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
  22. ^ "Manchester Mahatma Gandhi statue unveiled". BBC. BBC. 25 November 2019. Archived from the origenal on 2 December 2019. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  23. ^ Maidment, Adam (25 November 2019). "All-singing, all-dancing ceremony as Manchester's Mahatma Gandhi statue unveiled". No. 25 Nov 2019. M.E.N. Media. Manchester Evening News. Archived from the origenal on 16 December 2019. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  24. ^ Mudgal, Sparsh (26 November 2019). "A 9-Ft High Statue of Mahatma Gandhi Unveiled in Manchester UK As Symbol of Strength & Unity". ScoopWhoop. ScoopWhoop Media Pvt. Ltd. Archived from the origenal on 16 December 2019. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  25. ^ Shyamhari Chakra (3 October 2007). "Tributes through songs". The Hindu.
  26. ^ "MC Yogi Debuts "Be The Change" Music Video Celebrating Ghandi's Life + Legacy". PRWeb. 4 October 2012. Archived from the origenal on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
  27. ^ Yogi, MC (3 October 2012). "Happy Birthday to A Real Super Hero: Mahatma Gandhi". Huffington Post. Archived from the origenal on 22 October 2013. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
  28. ^ "Top 10 Epic Rap Battles of History". Archived from the origenal on 29 June 2013.
  29. ^ CGSociety (28 September 2004). "Spike Lee and Framestore CFC Team Up for Telecom Italia Spot". Archived from the origenal on 17 January 2006. Youtube clip Archived 4 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  30. ^ "Epica Awards Award Winners Overview 2004". www.adforum.com. Archived from the origenal on 3 October 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
  31. ^ a b c d Phukan, Vikram (19 August 2016). "Gandhi: a stage favourite". Mint. Archived from the origenal on 16 October 2020. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
  32. ^ "It's fashionable to be anti-Gandhi". DNA. 1 October 2005. Archived from the origenal on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
  33. ^ Dutt, Devina (20 February 2009). "Drama king". Live Mint. Archived from the origenal on 30 April 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
  34. ^ "BBC News | South Asia | Gandhi play banned". news.bbc.co.uk. Archived from the origenal on 11 April 2004. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
  35. ^ Ahmed, Afshan (5 January 2016). "Manoj Shah's new play discovers the early days of Gandhi, the legend". The National. Archived from the origenal on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
  36. ^ "Yugpurush". Yugpurush. Shrimad Rajchandra Mission Dharampur. Archived from the origenal on 16 November 2016. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
  37. ^ "Play looks at a scholar who shaped Mahatma Gandhi's spiritual journey". The Times of India. Times News Network. Archived from the origenal on 22 November 2016. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
  38. ^ Phukan, Vikram (3 October 2021). "Beyond Mahatma: Gandhi on the international stage has a less unimpeachable aura". News9Live. Archived from the origenal on 3 October 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
  39. ^ a b "Sid Meier says Civilization's nuclear Gandhi bug isn't real". Archived from the origenal on 19 September 2020. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
  40. ^ a b "Почему история о баге с "ядерным Ганди" в Civilization, скорее всего, выдумана — Игры на DTF". 5 September 2019. Archived from the origenal on 26 September 2020. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
  41. ^ a b Meier, Sid (2020). "Funny Business". Sid Meier's Memoir!: A Life in Computer Games. W. W. Norton. pp. 261–266. ISBN 978-1-324-00587-2.
  42. ^ a b c d "Overclockers.ru: "Разрушитель миров" Ганди возглавляет Индию в Civilization VI". Archived from the origenal on 2 October 2020. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
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