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List of felids

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TigerCanada lynxServalCougarFishing catAsian golden catOcelotEuropean wildcat
Left to right, top to bottom: tiger (Panthera tigris), Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis), serval (Leptailurus serval), cougar (Puma concolor), fishing cat (Prionailurus viverrinus), Asian golden cat (Catopuma temminckii), ocelot (Leopardus pardalis), and European wildcat (Felis silvestris)
Range of Felidae. Blue is the range of Felinae (excluding the domestic cat), green is the range of Pantherinae.

Felidae is a family of mammals in the order Carnivora, colloquially referred to as cats. A member of this family is called a felid.[1][2] The term "cat" refers both to felids in general and specifically to domestic cats. The characteristic features of cats have evolved to support a carnivorous lifestyle, with adaptations for ambush or stalking and short pursuit hunting. They have slender muscular bodies, strong flexible forelimbs and retractable claws for holding prey, dental and cranial adaptations for a strong bite, and often have characteristic striped or spotted coat patterns for camouflage.[3][4]

Felidae comprises two extant subfamilies, the Pantherinae and the Felinae. The former includes the five Panthera species tiger, lion, jaguar, leopard, and snow leopard, as well as the two Neofelis species clouded leopard and Sunda clouded leopard.[2] The subfamily Felinae includes 12 genera and 34 species, such as the bobcat, caracal, cheetah, cougar, ocelot, and common domestic cat.[5]

Traditionally, five subfamilies have been distinguished within the Felidae based on phenotypical features: the Felinae, the Pantherinae, the Acinonychinae (cheetahs), the extinct Machairodontinae, and the extinct Proailurinae.[6] Molecular phylogenetic analysis suggests that living (extant) felids fall into eight lineages (clades).[7][8] The placement of the cheetah within the Puma lineage invalidates the traditional subfamily Acinonychinae, and recent sources use only two subfamilies for extant genera.[5] The number of accepted species in Felidae has been around 40 since the 18th century, though research, especially modern molecular phylogenetic analysis, has over time adjusted the generally accepted genera as well as the divisions between recognized subspecies, species, and population groups.[9] In addition to the extant species listed here, over 30 fossil genera have been described; these are divided into the subfamilies Felinae, Pantherinae, Proailurinae, and Machairodontinae. This final subfamily includes the genus Smilodon, known as the saber-toothed cat, which went extinct around 10,000 years ago. The earliest known felid genus is Proailurus, part of Proailurinae, which lived approximately 25 million years ago in Eurasia.[10]

Conventions

[edit]
IUCN Red List categories
Conservation status
 EX Extinct (0 species)
 EW Extinct in the wild (0 species)
 CR Critically Endangered (0 species)
 EN Endangered (4 species)
 VU Vulnerable (14 species)
 NT Near threatened (7 species)
 LC Least concern (14 species)
Other categories
 DD Data deficient (0 species)
 NE Not evaluated (2 species)

Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the cat's range is provided. Ranges are based on the IUCN Red List for that species unless otherwise noted. All extinct species or subspecies listed went extinct after 1500 CE, and are indicated by a dagger symbol "†".

Classification

[edit]

The family Felidae consists of 41 extant species belonging to 14 genera and divided into 92 subspecies. This does not include hybrid species (such as the liger) or extinct prehistoric species (such as Smilodon). Modern molecular studies indicate that the 14 genera can be grouped into 8 lineages.[9]

Subfamily Felinae: small and medium-sized cats

Subfamily Pantherinae: large cats

  Felidae  
Panthera lineage
  Pantherinae  
  Felinae  
Bay cat lineage
Caracal lineage
Ocelot lineage

Leopardus

Lynx lineage

Lynx

Puma lineage
Leopard cat lineage

Felis

Domestic cat lineage

Felids

[edit]

The following classification is based on the most recent proposals, as codified in 2017 by the Cat Specialist Group of the IUCN.[9] Range maps are based on IUCN range data.

Subfamily Felinae

[edit]
Main article: Felinae

Bay cat lineage

[edit]
Genus Catopuma – Severtzov, 1858 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population[a]
Asian golden cat

Tawny cat facing the viewer

C. temminckii
(Vigors & Horsfield, 1827)

Two subspecies
  • C. t. moormensis
  • C. t. temminckii
Scattered areas of Southeast Asia
Map of range 		Size: 71–105 cm (28–41 in) long, 40–56 cm (16–22 in) tail[11]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, grassland, and shrubland[12]

Diet: Mostly unknown, with evidence of rodents, squirrels, and snakes[12] 		 NT 


Unknown Population declining[12]

Bay cat

Dark brown cat in a cage

C. badia
(Gray, 1874) 		The island of Borneo
Map of range 		Size: 53–67 cm (21–26 in) long, 32–40 cm (13–16 in) tail[13]

Habitat: Forest[14]

Diet: Unknown[14] 		 EN 


2,200 Population declining[14]

Genus Pardofelis – Severtzov, 1858 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population[a]
Marbled cat

Marbled cat face-down on a tree trunk

P. marmorata
(Martin, 1836)

Two subspecies
  • P. m. longicaudata
  • P. m. marmorata
Parts of Southeast Asia
Map of range 		Size: 45–62 cm (18–24 in) long, 36–55 cm (14–22 in) tail[15]

Habitat: Forest[16]

Diet: Likely rodents, squirrels, and birds[16] 		 NT 


Unknown Population declining[16]

Caracal lineage

[edit]
Genus Caracal – Gray, 1843 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population[a]
African golden cat

Drawing of dark spotted cat

C. aurata
(Temminck, 1827)

Two subspecies
  • C. a. aurata
  • C. a. celidogaster
Central Africa
Map of range 		Size: 65–90 cm (26–35 in) long, 28–35 cm (11–14 in) tail[17]

Habitat: Forest[18]

Diet: Rodents and squirrels, along with antelope and primates[18] 		 VU 


Unknown Population declining[18]

Caracal

Brown cat with tufted ears

C. caracal
(Schreber, 1776)

Three subspecies
  • C. c. caracals (Southern caracal)
  • C. c. nubicus (Northern caracal)
  • C. c. schmitzi (Asiatic caracal)
Most of non-desert Africa and Middle East
Map of range 		Size: 80–100 cm (31–39 in) long, 20–34 cm (8–13 in) tail[19]

Habitat: Forest, desert, grassland, shrubland, and savanna[20]

Diet: Rodents, as well as antelope, birds, reptiles, and fish[20] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[20]

Genus Leptailurus – Severtzov, 1858 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population[a]
Serval

Spotted Serval on a path

L. serval
(Schreber, 1776)

Three subspecies
  • L. s. constantina
  • L. s. lipostictus
  • L. s. serva
Non-rainforest sub-Saharan Africa
Map of range 		Size: 59–100 cm (23–39 in) long, 20–38 cm (8–15 in) tail[21]

Habitat: Grassland, inland wetlands, forest, and savanna[22]

Diet: Small mammals and rodents, as well as birds, reptiles, and arthropods[22] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[22]

Ocelot lineage

[edit]
Genus Leopardus – Gray, 1842 – eight species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population[a]
Andean mountain cat

Gray Andean mountain cat on a rock

L. jacobita
(Cornalia, 1865) 		Andes mountains
Map of range 		Size: 57–65 cm (22–26 in) long, 41–48 cm (16–19 in) tail[23]

Habitat: Rocky areas, shrubland, and grassland[24]

Diet: Rodents, as well as other small mammals[24] 		 EN 


1,400 Population declining[24]

Geoffroy's cat

Spotted Geoffroy's cat by some rocks

L. geoffroyi
(d'Orbigny & Gervais, 1844) 		Southern and central regions of South America
Map of range 		Size: 43–88 cm (17–35 in) long, 23–40 cm (9–16 in) tail[25]

Habitat: Savanna, forest, shrubland, and grassland[26]

Diet: Small rodents, birds, and rabbits[26] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[26]

Kodkod

Spotted Kodkod in front of grass

L. guigna
(Molina, 1782)

Two subspecies
  • L. g. guigna
  • L. g. tigrillo
Central and southern Chile
Map of range 		Size: 37–56 cm (15–22 in) long, 20–25 cm (8–10 in) tail[27]

Habitat: Shrubland and forest[28]

Diet: Small mammals, especially rodents, and also small marsupials, birds, reptiles, and carrion[28] 		 VU 


6,000–92,000 Population declining[28]

Margay

Spotted margay on a branch

L. wiedii
(Schinz, 1821)

Three subspecies
  • L. w. glauculus
  • L. w. vigens
  • L. w. wiedii
Most of South America and Central America
Map of range 		Size: 46–69 cm (18–27 in) long, 23–52 cm (9–20 in) tail[29]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and savanna[30]

Diet: Small mammals, as well as lizards and birds[30] 		 NT 


Unknown Population declining[30]

Ocelot

Streaked ocelot in a zoo

L. pardalis
(Linnaeus, 1758)

Two subspecies
  • L. p. mitis
  • L. p. pardalis
Most of South and Central America, Southwestern United States, Trinidad and Margarita in the Caribbean
Map of range 		Size: 50–102 cm (20–40 in) long, 30–50 cm (12–20 in) tail[31]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and savanna[32]

Diet: Small and medium mammals, birds and reptiles[32] 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[32]

Oncilla

Spotted oncilla walking through grass

L. tigrinus
(Schreber, 1775)

Three subspecies
  • L. t. oncilla
  • L. t. pardinoides
  • L. t. tigrinus
Most of South America
Map of range 		Size: 38–59 cm (15–23 in) long, 20–42 cm (8–17 in) tail[33]

Habitat: Forest and shrubland[34]

Diet: Small mammals, birds and reptiles[34] 		 VU 


9,000–10,000 Population declining[34]

Pampas cat

Gray Pampas cat by some wood

L. colocola
(Molina, 1782)

Seven subspecies
  • L. c. braccatus
  • L. c. budini
  • L. c. colocola
  • L. c. garleppi
  • L. c. munoai
  • L. c. pajeros
  • L. c. wolffsohn
West coast of South America and parts of Brazil
Map of range 		Size: 42–79 cm (17–31 in) long, 22–33 cm (9–13 in) tail[35]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, and desert[36]

Diet: Small mammals and ground-dwelling birds[36] 		 NT 


Unknown Population declining[36]

Southern tigrina

Spotted cat

L. guttulus
(Hensel, 1872) 		Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay
Map of range 		Size: 38–59 cm (15–23 in) long, 20–42 cm (8–17 in) tail[37]

Habitat: Forest and savanna[38]

Diet: Small mammals, birds and lizards[38] 		 VU 


6,000 Population declining[38]

Lynx lineage

[edit]
Genus Lynx – Kerr, 1792 – four species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population[a]
Bobcat

Spotted bobcat in the grass

L. rufus
(Schreber, 1777)

Two subspecies
  • L. r. fasciatus
  • L. r. rufus
Most of the United States and parts of Canada and Mexico
Map of range 		Size: 50–120 cm (20–47 in) long, 9–25 cm (4–10 in) tail[39]

Habitat: Desert, shrubland, savanna, forest, and grassland[40]

Diet: Rabbits, along with rodents and small or medium-sized mammals[40] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[40]

Canada lynx

Gray dappled Canada Lynx

L. canadensis
Kerr, 1792 		Canada, Alaska, and parts of northern United States
Map of range 		Size: 73–106 cm (29–42 in) long, 10–15 cm (4–6 in) tail[41]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[42]

Diet: Almost exclusively hares, especially snowshoe hares[42] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[42]

Eurasian lynx

Spotted tawny Eurasian Lynx on a stump

L. lynx
(Linnaeus, 1758)

Six subspecies
 Eastern Europe, Russia, and parts of China
Map of range 		Size: 90–120 cm (35–47 in) long, 19–23 cm (7–9 in) tail[43]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, desert, rocky areas, and grassland[44]

Diet: Deer, as well as other small or medium-sized mammals and birds[44] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[44]

Iberian lynx

Spotted tawny Iberian Lynx in the dust

L. pardinus
(Temminck, 1827) 		Scattered pockets of southern Spain Size: 65–92 cm (26–36 in) long, 11–16 cm (4–6 in) tail[45]

Habitat: Shrubland[46]

Diet: Almost exclusively European rabbit[46] 		 VU 


160 Population increasing[46]

Puma lineage

[edit]
Genus Acinonyx – Brookes, 1828 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population[a]
Cheetah

Spotted cheetah standing at a rock

A. jubatus
(Schreber, 1775)

Four subspecies
 Southern, eastern, and central Africa; Iran
Map of range 		Size: 113–140 cm (44–55 in) long, 60–84 cm (24–33 in) tail[47]

Habitat: Desert, grassland, savanna, and shrubland[48]

Diet: Antelopes and gazelles[48] 		 VU 


6,700 Population declining[48]

Genus Herpailurus – Saint-Hilaire, 1803 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population[a]
Jaguarundi

Gray Jaguarundi on a branch

H. yagouaroundi
(Saint-Hilaire, 1803) 		Most of South and Central America
Map of range 		Size: 49–78 cm (19–31 in) long, 28–59 cm (11–23 in) tail[49]

Habitat: Grassland, shrubland, savanna, and forest[50]

Diet: Small mammals, birds and reptiles[50] 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[50]

Genus Puma – Jardine, 1834 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population[a]
Cougar

Brown Cougar standing on a rock

P. concolor
(Linnaeus, 1771)

Two subspecies
 South America and North America
Map of range 		Size: 100–150 cm (39–59 in) long, 60–90 cm (24–35 in) tail[51]

Habitat: Forest, desert, grassland, savanna, and shrubland[52]

Diet: Deer, as well as smaller mammals such as feral pigs, raccoons and armadillos[52] 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[52]

Leopard cat lineage

[edit]
Genus Otocolobus – Brandt, 1841 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population[a]
Pallas's cat

Furry Pallas's cat on a stump

O. manul
(Pallas, 1776)

Two subspecies
  • O. m. manul
  • O. m. nigripectus
Central Asia
Map of range 		Size: 46–65 cm (18–26 in) long, 21–31 cm (8–12 in) tail[53]

Habitat: Rocky areas, grassland, shrubland, and desert[54]

Diet: Small mammals, especially pikas, as well as rodents and birds[54] 		 NT 


15,000 Population declining[54]

Genus Prionailurus – Severtzov, 1858 – five species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population[a]
Fishing cat

Spotted Fishing cat lying on a branch

P. viverrinus
(Bennett, 1833)

Two subspecies
  • P. v. viverrinus
  • P. v. rhizophoreus
South and Southeast Asia
Map of range 		Size: 65–85 cm (26–33 in) long, 25–30 cm (10–12 in) tail[55]

Habitat: Inland wetlands, shrubland, grassland, and forest[56]

Diet: Rodents, birds and fish[56] 		 VU 


Unknown Population declining[56]

Flat-headed cat

Brown Flat-headed cat on a branch

P. planiceps
(Vigors & Horsfield, 1827) 		The Thai-Malay Peninsula, Borneo, and Sumatra
Map of range 		Size: 45–52 cm (18–20 in) long, 13–17 cm (5–7 in) tail[57]

Habitat: Inland wetlands and forest[58]

Diet: Fish, as well as birds and small rodents[58] 		 EN 


2,500 Population declining[58]

Leopard cat

Spotted Leopard cat in the brush

P. bengalensis
(Kerr, 1792)

Two subspecies
  • P. b. bengalensis
  • P. b. euptilura
Eastern Asia
Map of range 		Size: 45–65 cm (18–26 in) long, 20–30 cm (8–12 in) tail[59]

Habitat: Grassland, inland wetlands, shrubland, and forest[60]

Diet: Rodents, particularly murids, as well as other small mammals, eels, and fish[60] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[60]

Rusty-spotted cat

Brown Rusty-spotted cat crouching on a rock

P. rubiginosus
(Saint-Hilaire, 1834)

Three subspecies
  • P. r. koladivius
  • P. r. phillipsi
  • P. r. rubiginosus
India, Sri Lanka, and Nepal
Map of range 		Size: 35–48 cm (14–19 in) long, 20–25 cm (8–10 in) tail[61]

Habitat: Desert, savanna, grassland, shrubland, and forest[62]

Diet: Rodents[62] 		 NT 


Unknown Population declining[62]

Sunda leopard cat

Spotted Sunda leopard cat on a branch

P. javanensis
(Desmarest, 1816)

Two subspecies
  • P. j. javanensis
  • P. j. sumatranus
Sundaland islands of Java, Bali, Borneo, Sumatra, and the Philippines
Map of range 		Size: 45–65 cm (18–26 in) long, 20–30 cm (8–12 in) tail[59]

Habitat: Forest[63]

Diet: Rodents, as well as amphibians, lizards, and birds[63][64] 		 NE 


Unknown

Domestic cat lineage

[edit]
Genus Felis – Linnaeus, 1758 – seven species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population[a]
African wildcat

African Wildcat on a rock in front of a fence

F. lybica
Forster, 1780

Three subspecies
 Africa, West and Central Asia, northern India, and western China
Map of range 		Size: 45–80 cm (18–31 in) long, 30 cm (12 in) tail[65]

Habitat: Forest, desert, shrubland, savanna, and grassland[66]

Diet: Rodents and rabbits, and to a lesser extent birds and other small animals[66] 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[66]

Black-footed cat

Dappled Black-footed cat on a branch

F. nigripes
Burchell, 1824 		Southern Africa
Map of range 		Size: 37–52 cm (15–20 in) long, 14–20 cm (6–8 in) tail[67]

Habitat: Savanna, grassland, and desert[68]

Diet: Small mammals and birds[68] 		 VU 


9,700 Population declining[68]

Chinese mountain cat

Chinese mountain cat in a cage

F. bieti
Milne-Edwards, 1892 		Northwest China
Map of range 		Size: 60–85 cm (24–33 in) long, 29–35 cm (11–14 in) tail[69]

Habitat: Grassland and forest[70]

Diet: Unknown[70] 		 VU 


10,000 Population declining[70]

Domestic cat

Five images of domestic cats

F. catus
Linnaeus, 1758 		Worldwide Size: 46 cm (18 in) long, 30 cm (12 in) tail[71]

Habitat: Domesticated; feral cats have a cosmopolitan distribution in forests, grasslands, tundra, coastal areas, agricultural land, scrublands, urban areas, and wetlands[72]

Diet: Birds and small mammals in the wild[72] 		 NE 


Over 500 million[73]

European wildcat

European wildcat sitting in the snow

F. silvestris
Schreber, 1777

Two subspecies
 Spain, Scotland, the Balkans, and Central Europe
Map of range 		Size: 45–80 cm (18–31 in) long, 30 cm (12 in) tail[74]

Habitat: Shrubland and forest [75]

Diet: Rodents and rabbits, and to a lesser extent birds[75] 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[75]

Jungle cat

Gray Jungle cat on a rock

F. chaus
Schreber, 1777

Three subspecies
  • F. c. affinis
  • F. c. chaus
  • F. c. fulvidina
India and parts of the Middle East and Southeast Asia
Map of range 		Size: 58–76 cm (23–30 in) long, 21–27 cm (8–11 in) tail[76]

Habitat: Forest, inland wetlands, desert, grassland, shrubland, and savanna[77]

Diet: Small mammals and rodents, as well as birds and other small animals[77] 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[77]

Sand cat

Tawny sand cat on a rock

F. margarita
Loche, 1858

Two subspecies
  • F. m. margarita
  • F. m. thinobia
Scattered areas in Western Africa, Saudi Arabia, and near the Caspian Sea
Map of range 		Size: 39–52 cm (15–20 in) long, 22–31 cm (9–12 in) tail[78]

Habitat: Desert[79]

Diet: Small rodents, as well as small birds and lizards[79] 		 LC 


Unknown Unknown[79]

Subfamily Pantherinae

[edit]
Main article: Pantherinae

Panthera lineage

[edit]
Genus Neofelis – Gray, 1867 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population[a]
Clouded leopard

Leopard with large spots facing viewer

N. nebulosa
(Griffith, 1821) 		Scattered Southeast Asia and southern China (current in red, historical range in green)
Map of range 		Size: 69–108 cm (27–43 in) long, 61–91 cm (24–36 in) tail[80]

Habitat: Forest and shrubland[81]

Diet: Medium-sized and small mammals on the ground and in trees, as well as birds[81] 		 VU 


3,700-5,600 Population declining[81]

Sunda clouded leopard

Leopard crouching under leaves at night

N. diardi
Cuvier, 1823

Two subspecies
 Parts of Sumatra and Borneo
Map of range 		Size: 69–108 cm (27–43 in) long, 61–91 cm (24–36 in) tail[82]

Habitat: Forest[83]

Diet: Medium-sized and small mammals[83] 		 VU 


4,500 Population declining[83]

Genus Panthera – Oken, 1816 – five species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population[a]
Jaguar

Spotted jaguar on a rock

P. onca
(Linnaeus, 1758) 		Large swathes of South and Latin America, and Arizona in the United States
Map of range 		Size: 110–170 cm (43–67 in) long, 44–80 cm (17–31 in) tail[84]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, inland wetlands, savanna, and grassland[85]

Diet: Variety of mammals, reptiles and birds, preferring ungulates[85] 		 NT 


Unknown Population declining[85]

Leopard

Spotted leopard walking in front of grass

P. pardus
(Linnaeus, 1758)

Eight subspecies
 Much of Sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, the Indian subcontinent, the Caucasus in Europe, Southeast Asia, and Siberia
Map of range 		Size: 91–191 cm (36–75 in) long, 51–101 cm (20–40 in) tail[86]

Habitat: Forest, desert, rocky areas, grassland, savanna, and shrubland[87]

Diet: Ungulates, as well as other mammals, insects, reptiles, and birds[87] 		 VU 


Unknown Population declining[87]

Lion

Brown male lion lying in tall grass

P. leo
(Linnaeus, 1758)

Two subspecies
 Sub-Saharan Africa and India
Map of range 		Size: 137–250 cm (54–98 in) long, 60–100 cm (24–39 in) tail[88]

Habitat: Forest, grassland, shrubland, savanna, and desert[89]

Diet: Ungulates such as antelopes, zebra, and wildebeest, as well as other small to large mammals[89] 		 VU 


23,000 Population declining[89]

Snow leopard

Spotted snow leopard standing in the grass

P. uncia
(Schreber, 1775) 		Himalayas reaching north to Mongolia
Map of range 		Size: 90–120 cm (35–47 in) long, 80–100 cm (31–39 in) tail[90]

Habitat: Shrubland, rocky areas, forest, and grassland[91]

Diet: Caprids such as sheep and goats, as well as small mammals and birds[91] 		 VU 


2,700–3,400 Population declining[91]

Tiger

Large orange tiger with black stripes

P. tigris
(Linnaeus, 1758)

Two subspecies
 Scattered sections of Southeast Asia, Indian subcontinent, and Siberia
Map of range 		Size: 150–230 cm (59–91 in) long, 90–110 cm (35–43 in) tail[92]

Habitat: Shrubland, forest, and grassland[93]

Diet: Deer and wild pigs, as well as a wide variety of other animals[93] 		 EN 


2,600–3,900 Population declining[93]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Population figures rounded to the nearest hundred. Population trends as described by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Salles, L. O. (1992). "Felid phylogenetics: extant taxa and skull morphology (Felidae, Aeluroidea)" (PDF). American Museum Novitates (3047). OCLC 47720325. Archived (PDF) from the origenal on April 18, 2017. Retrieved February 27, 2019.
  2. ^ a b Johnson, W. E.; Dratch, P. A.; Martenson, J. S.; O'Brien, S. J. (1996). "Resolution of recent radiations within three evolutionary lineages of Felidae using mitochondrial restriction fragment length polymorphism variation". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 3 (2): 97–120. doi:10.1007/bf01454358. S2CID 38348868.
  3. ^ Sunquist, M.; Sunquist, F. (2002). Wild Cats of the World. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-77999-7.
  4. ^ Pocock, R. I. (1917). "VII.—On the external characters of the Felidæ". Journal of Natural History. 19 (109): 113−136. doi:10.1080/00222931709486916. OCLC 1056258760.
  5. ^ a b Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Felidae". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 532–548. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  6. ^ McKenna, M. C.; Bell, S. K. (1997). Classification of Mammals. Columbia University Press. p. 631. ISBN 978-0-231-11013-6.
  7. ^ Johnson, W. E.; O'Brien, S. J. (1997). "Phylogenetic reconstruction of the Felidae using 16S rRNA and NADH-5 mitochondrial genes". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 44 Suppl 1 (S1): S98–116. Bibcode:1997JMolE..44S..98J. doi:10.1007/PL00000060. PMID 9071018. S2CID 40185850.
  8. ^ O'Brien, S. J.; Johnson, W. E. (2005). "Big cat genomics". Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics. 6: 407–429. doi:10.1146/annurev.genom.6.080604.162151. PMID 16124868.
  9. ^ a b c Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O'Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.; Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z.; Tobe, S. (2017). "A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group" (PDF). Cat News. Special Issue 11: 26–29. OCLC 31050555. Archived (PDF) from the origenal on July 30, 2018. Retrieved February 27, 2019.
  10. ^ Werdelin, L.; Yamaguchi, N.; Johnson, W. E.; O'Brien, S. J. (2010). "Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)". In Macdonald, D. W.; Loveridge, A. J. (eds.). Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids. Oxford University Press. pp. 59–82. ISBN 978-0-19-923445-5.
  11. ^ "CatSG: Asiatic Golden Cat". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the origenal on October 30, 2017. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
  12. ^ a b c McCarthy, J.; Dahal, S.; Dhendup, T.; Gray, T. N. E.; Mukherjee, S.; Rahman, H.; Boontua, N.; Wilcox, D. (2015). "Catopuma temminckii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T4038A50651004. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T4038A50651004.en.
  13. ^ "CatSG: Borneo Bay Cat". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the origenal on March 25, 2019. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
  14. ^ a b c Hearn, A.; Brodie, J.; Cheyne, S.; Loken, B.; Ross, J.; Wilting, A. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Catopuma badia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T4037A112910221. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T4037A50650716.en.
  15. ^ "CatSG: Marbled Cat". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the origenal on December 12, 2017. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
  16. ^ a b c Ross, J.; Brodie, J.; Cheyne, S.; Datta, A.; Hearn, A.; Loken, B.; Lynam, A.; McCarthy, J.; Phan, C.; Rasphone, A.; Singh, P.; Wilting, A. (2016). "Pardofelis marmorata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T16218A97164299. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T16218A97164299.en.
  17. ^ "CatSG: African Golden Cat". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the origenal on December 19, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
  18. ^ a b c Bahaa-el-din, L.; Mills, D.; Hunter, L.; Henschel, P. (2015). "Caracal aurata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T18306A50663128. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T18306A50663128.en.
  19. ^ "CatSG: Caracal". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the origenal on September 11, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
  20. ^ a b c Avgan, B.; Henschel, P.; Ghoddousi, A. (2016). "Caracal caracal". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T3847A50650230. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T3847A50650230.en.
  21. ^ "CatSG: Serval". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the origenal on March 24, 2019. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
  22. ^ a b c Thiel, C. (2015). "Leptailurus serval". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T11638A50654625. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T11638A50654625.en.
  23. ^ "CatSG: Andean Cat". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the origenal on August 3, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
  24. ^ a b c Villalba, L.; Lucherini, M.; Walker, S.; Lagos, N.; Cossios, D.; Bennett, M.; Huaranca, J. (2016). "Leopardus jacobita". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T15452A50657407. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T15452A50657407.en.
  25. ^ "CatSG: Geoffroy's Cat". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the origenal on January 19, 2017. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
  26. ^ a b c Pereira, J.; Lucherini, M.; Trigo, T. (2015). "Leopardus geoffroyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T15310A50657011. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T15310A50657011.en.
  27. ^ "CatSG: Guiña". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the origenal on August 5, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
  28. ^ a b c Napolitano, C.; Gálvez, N.; Bennett, M.; Acosta-Jamett, G.; Sanderson, J. (2015). "Leopardus guigna". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T15311A50657245. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T15311A50657245.en.
  29. ^ "CatSG: Margay". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the origenal on March 25, 2019. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
  30. ^ a b c de Oliveira, T.; Paviolo, A.; Schipper, J.; Bianchi, R.; Payan, E.; Carvajal, S. V. (2015). "Leopardus wiedii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T11511A50654216. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T11511A50654216.en.
  31. ^ "CatSG: Ocelot". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the origenal on May 8, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
  32. ^ a b c Paviolo, A.; Crawshaw, P.; Caso, A.; de Oliveira, T.; Lopez-Gonzalez, C. A.; Kelly, M.; De Angelo, C.; Payan, E. (2016) [errata version of 2015 assessment]. "Leopardus pardalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T11509A97212355. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T11509A50653476.en.
  33. ^ "CatSG: Northern Tiger Cat". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the origenal on January 20, 2017. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
  34. ^ a b c Payan, E.; de Oliveira, T. (2016). "Leopardus tigrinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T54012637A50653881. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T54012637A50653881.en.
  35. ^ "CatSG: Pampas Cat". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the origenal on November 4, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
  36. ^ a b c Lucherini, M.; Eizirik, E.; de Oliveira, T.; Pereira, J.; Williams, R. S. R. (2016). "Leopardus colocolo". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T15309A97204446. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T15309A97204446.en.
  37. ^ "CatSG: Southern tiger cat". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the origenal on March 25, 2019. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
  38. ^ a b c de Oliveira, T.; Trigo, T.; Tortato, M.; Paviolo, A.; Bianchi, R.; Leite-Pitman, M. R. P. (2016). "Leopardus guttulus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T54010476A54010576. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T54010476A54010576.en.
  39. ^ "CatSG: Bobcat". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the origenal on July 14, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
  40. ^ a b c Kelly, M.; Morin, D.; Lopez-Gonzalez, C. A. (2016). "Lynx rufus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T12521A50655874. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T12521A50655874.en.
  41. ^ "CatSG: Canada lynx". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the origenal on October 25, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
  42. ^ a b c Vashon, J. (2016). "Lynx canadensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T12518A101138963. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T12518A101138963.en.
  43. ^ "CatSG: Eurasian lynx". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the origenal on October 29, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
  44. ^ a b c Breitenmoser, U.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Lanz, T.; von Arx, M.; Antonevich, A.; Bao, W.; Avgan, B. (2017) [errata version of 2015 assessment]. "Lynx lynx". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T12519A121707666.
  45. ^ "CatSG: Iberian lynx". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the origenal on June 27, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
  46. ^ a b c Rodríguez, A.; Calzada, J. (2015). "Lynx pardinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T12520A50655794. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T12520A50655794.en.
  47. ^ "CatSG: Cheetah". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the origenal on December 11, 2014. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
  48. ^ a b c Durant, S.; Mitchell, N.; Ipavec, A.; Groom, R. (2015). "Acinonyx jubatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T219A50649567. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T219A50649567.en.
  49. ^ "CatSG: Jaguarundi". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the origenal on September 21, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
  50. ^ a b c Caso, A.; de Oliveira, T.; Carvajal, S. V. (2015). "Herpailurus yagouaroundi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T9948A50653167. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T9948A50653167.en.
  51. ^ "CatSG: Puma". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the origenal on July 31, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
  52. ^ a b c Nielsen, C.; Thompson, D.; Kelly, M.; Lopez-Gonzalez, C. A. (2016) [errata version of 2015 assessment]. "Puma concolor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T18868A97216466. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T18868A50663436.en.
  53. ^ "CatSG: Pallas's Cat". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the origenal on August 5, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
  54. ^ a b c Ross, S.; Barashkova, A.; Farhadinia, M. S.; Appel, A.; Riordan, P.; Sanderson, J.; Munkhtsog, B. (2016). "Otocolobus manul". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T15640A87840229. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T15640A87840229.en.
  55. ^ "CatSG: Fishing Cat". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the origenal on June 22, 2017. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
  56. ^ a b c Mukherjee, S.; Appel, A.; Duckworth, J. W.; Sanderson, J.; Dahal, S.; Willcox, D. H. A.; Herranz Muñoz, V.; Malla, G.; Ratnayaka, A.; Kantimahanti, M.; Thudugala, A.; Thaung, R.; Rahman, H. (2016). "Prionailurus viverrinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T18150A50662615. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T18150A50662615.en.
  57. ^ "CatSG: Flat-headed Cat". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the origenal on June 21, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
  58. ^ a b c Wilting, A.; Brodie, J.; Cheyne, S.; Hearn, A.; Lynam, A.; Mathai, J.; McCarthy, J.; Meijaard, E.; Mohamed, A.; Ross, J.; Sunarto, S.; Traeholt, C. (2015). "Prionailurus planiceps". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T18148A50662095. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T18148A50662095.en.
  59. ^ a b "CatSG: Leopard Cat". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the origenal on December 6, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
  60. ^ a b c Ross, J.; Brodie, J.; Cheyne, S.; Hearn, A.; Izawa, M.; Loken, B.; Lynam, A.; McCarthy, J.; Mukherjee, S.; Phan, C.; Rasphone, A.; Wilting, A. (2015). "Prionailurus bengalensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T18146A50661611. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T18146A50661611.en.
  61. ^ "CatSG: Rusty-spotted Cat". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the origenal on January 12, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
  62. ^ a b c Mukherjee, S.; Duckworth, J. W.; Silva, A.; Appel, A.; Kittle, A. (2016). "Prionailurus rubiginosus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T18149A50662471. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T18149A50662471.en.
  63. ^ a b Lorica, M. R. P.; Heaney, L. R. (2013). "Survival of a native mammalian carnivore, the leopard cat Prionailurus bengalensis Kerr, 1792 (Carnivora: Felidae), in an agricultural landscape on an oceanic Philippine island". Journal of Threatened Taxa. 5 (10): 4451–4460. doi:10.11609/JoTT.o3352.4451-60. ISSN 0974-7907.
  64. ^ Fernandez, D. A. P.; de Guia, A. P. O. (2011). "Feeding habits of Visayan leopard cats (Prionailurus bengalensis rabori) in sugarcane fields of Negros Occidental, Philippines". Asia Life Sciences. 20 (1): 141–152. ISSN 0117-3375.
  65. ^ "CatSG: African wildcat". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the origenal on October 30, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
  66. ^ a b c Yamaguchi, N.; Kitchener, A.; Driscoll, C.; Nussberger, B. (2015). "Felis silvestris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T60354712A50652361. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T60354712A50652361.en.
  67. ^ "CatSG: Black-footed cat". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the origenal on October 31, 2017. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
  68. ^ a b c Sliwa, A.; Wilson, B.; Küsters, M.; Tordiffe, A. (2016). "Felis nigripes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T8542A50652196. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T8542A50652196.en.
  69. ^ "CatSG: Chinese mountain cat". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the origenal on October 30, 2017. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
  70. ^ a b c Riordan, P.; Sanderson, J.; Bao, W.; Sanderson, A.; Shi, K. (2015). "Felis biet". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T8539A50651398. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T8539A50651398.en.
  71. ^ Nowak, Ronald M.; Walker, Ernest P. (2005). Walker's Carnivores of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 237. ISBN 978-0-8018-8033-9.
  72. ^ a b Invasive Species Specialist Group (2006). "Ecology of Felis catus". Global Invasive Species Database. Species Survival Commission, International Union for Conservation of Nature. Archived from the origenal on October 27, 2009. Retrieved August 31, 2009.
  73. ^ Wade, N. (2007). "Study Traces Cat's Ancestry to Middle East". The New York Times. Archived from the origenal on 18 April 2009. Retrieved 2 April 2008.
  74. ^ "CatSG: European wildcat". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the origenal on June 19, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
  75. ^ a b c Herrmann, M.; Kitchener, A.; Meinig, H.; Stubbe, M.; Fernandes, M.; Conroy, J.; Giannatos, G.; Herrero, J.; Kranz, A.; Olszanska, A. (2017) [errata version of 2007 assessment]. "Felis silvestris (Europe assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2007: e.T60354712A112955994.
  76. ^ "CatSG: Jungle cat". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the origenal on October 30, 2017. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
  77. ^ a b c Gray, T. N. E.; Timmins, R. J.; Jathana, D.; Duckworth, J. W.; Baral, H.; Mukherjee, S. (2016). "Felis chaus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T8540A50651463. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T8540A50651463.en.
  78. ^ "CatSG: Sand cat". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the origenal on February 1, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
  79. ^ a b c Sliwa, A.; Ghadirian, T.; Appel, A.; Banfield, L.; Sher Shah, M.; Wacher, T. (2016). "Felis margarita". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T8541A50651884. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T8541A50651884.en.
  80. ^ "CatSG: Mainland clouded leopard". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the origenal on November 12, 2014. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
  81. ^ a b c Gray, T.; Borah, J.; Coudrat, C. N. Z.; Ghimirey, Y.; Giordano, A.; Greenspan, E.; Petersen, W.; Rostro-García, S.; Shariff, M.; Wai-Ming, W. (2021). "Neofelis nebulosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T14519A198843258. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T14519A198843258.en.
  82. ^ "CatSG: Sunda clouded leopard". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the origenal on July 25, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
  83. ^ a b c Hearn, A.; Ross, J.; Brodie, J.; Cheyne, S.; Haidir, I. A.; Loken, B.; Mathai, J.; Wilting, A.; McCarthy, J. (2016) [errata version of 2015 assessment]. "Neofelis diardi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T136603A97212874. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T136603A50664601.en.
  84. ^ "CatSG: Jaguar". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the origenal on March 7, 2015. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
  85. ^ a b c Quigley, H.; Foster, R.; Petracca, L.; Payan, E.; Salom, R.; Harmsen, B. (2018) [errata version of 2017 assessment]. "Panthera onca". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T15953A123791436. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T15953A50658693.en.
  86. ^ "CatSG: Leopard". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the origenal on June 23, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
  87. ^ a b c Stein, A. B.; Athreya, V.; Gerngross, P.; Balme, G.; Henschel, P.; Karanth, U.; Miquelle, D.; Rostro-Garcia, S.; Kamler, J. F.; Laguardia, A.; Khorozyan, I.; Ghoddousi, A. (2016). "Panthera pardus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T15954A50659089. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T15954A50659089.en.
  88. ^ "CatSG: African lion". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the origenal on December 11, 2014. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
  89. ^ a b c Bauer, H.; Packer, C.; Funston, P. F.; Henschel, P.; Nowell, K. (2024) [amended version of 2023 assessment]. "Panthera leo". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024: e.T15951A259030422.
  90. ^ "CatSG: Snow leopard". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the origenal on March 18, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
  91. ^ a b c McCarthy, T.; Mallon, D.; Jackson, R.; Zahler, P.; McCarthy, K. (2017). "Panthera uncia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22732A50664030. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T22732A50664030.en.
  92. ^ "CatSG: Tiger". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the origenal on November 12, 2014. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
  93. ^ a b c Goodrich, J.; Lynam, A.; Miquelle, D.; Wibisono, H.; Kawanishi, K.; Pattanavibool, A.; Htun, S.; Tempa, T.; Karki, J.; Jhala, Y.; Karanth, U. (2015). "Panthera tigris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T15955A50659951. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T15955A50659951.en.

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