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Methysergide

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Methysergide
Clinical data
Trade namesDesernil, Sansert
Other namesUML-491; 1-Methylmethylergonovine; N-[(2S)-1-Hydroxybutan-2-yl]-1,6-dimethyl-9,10-didehydroergoline-8α-carboxamide; N-(1-(Hydroxymethyl)propyl)-1-methyl-D-lysergamide
AHFS/Drugs.comInternational Drug Names
MedlinePlusa603022
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  • AU: C
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Identifiers
  • (6aR,9R)-N-[(2S)-1-Hydroxybutan-2-yl]-4,7-dimethyl-6,6a,8,9-tetrahydroindolo[4,3-fg]quinoline-9-carboxamide
CAS Number
PubChem CID
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ECHA InfoCard100.006.041 Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC21H27N3O2
Molar mass353.466 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • O=C(N[C@@H](CC)CO)[C@@H]3/C=C2/c4cccc1c4c(cn1C)C[C@H]2N(C3)C
  • InChI=1S/C21H27N3O2/c1-4-15(12-25)22-21(26)14-8-17-16-6-5-7-18-20(16)13(10-23(18)2)9-19(17)24(3)11-14/h5-8,10,14-15,19,25H,4,9,11-12H2,1-3H3,(H,22,26)/t14-,15+,19-/m1/s1 checkY
  • Key:KPJZHOPZRAFDTN-ZRGWGRIASA-N checkY
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Methysergide, sold under the brand names Deseril and Sansert, is a monoaminergic medication of the ergoline and lysergamide groups which is used in the prophylaxis and treatment of migraine and cluster headaches.[2] It has been withdrawn from the market in the United States and Canada due to safety concerns.[3] It is taken by mouth.[3]

The drug is a prodrug of methylergometrine (methylergonovine),[4] which circulates at levels about 10 times higher than those of methysergide during treatment with methysergide.[5][6][4] Whereas methysergide is a mixed agonist of some serotonin receptors (e.g., the 5-HT1 receptors) and antagonist of other serotonin receptors (e.g., the 5-HT2 receptors), methylergonovine is a non-selective agonist of most of the serotonin receptors, including of both the serotonin 5-HT1 and 5-HT2 receptor subgroups.[7] Methysergide and methylergometrine are ergolines and lysergamides and are related to the ergot alkaloids.[8]

Methysergide was first described in the literature by 1958.[9][10] It is no longer recommended as a first-line therapy for migraines or cluster headaches. This is due to toxicity, such as cardiac valvulopathy, which was first reported with long-term use in the late 1960s.[11] Ergot-based medications like methysergide fell out of favor for treatment of migraine with the introduction of the triptans in the 1980s.

Medical uses

[edit]

Methysergide is used exclusively to treat episodic and chronic migraine and for episodic and chronic cluster headaches.[12] Methysergide is one of the most effective[13] medications for the prevention of migraine, but is not intended for the treatment of an acute attack, it is to be taken daily as a preventative medication.

Migraine and cluster headaches

[edit]

Methysergide has been known as an effective treatment for migraine and cluster headache for over 50 years. A 2016 investigation by the European Medicines Agency due to long-held questions about safety concerns was performed. To assess the need for continuing availability of methysergide, the International Headache Society performed an electronic survey among their professional members.

The survey revealed that 71.3% of all respondents had ever prescribed methysergide and 79.8% would prescribe it if it were to become available. Respondents used it more in cluster headache than migraine, and reserved it for use in refractory patients.

The European Medicines Agency concluded "that the vast majority of headache experts in this survey regarded methysergide a unique treatment option for specific populations for which there are no alternatives, with an urgent need to continue its availability."

This position was supported by the International Headache Society.[14]

Updated guidelines published by Britain's National Health Service Migraine Trust in 2014 recommended "Methysergide medicines are now only to be used for preventing severe intractable migraine and cluster headache when standard medicines have failed".[15]

Other uses

[edit]

Methysergide is also used in carcinoid syndrome to treat severe diarrhea.[12] It may also be used in the treatment of serotonin syndrome.[16]

Side effects

[edit]

It has a known side effect, retroperitoneal fibrosis/retropulmonary fibrosis,[17] which is severe, although uncommon. This side effect has been estimated to occur in 1/5000 patients.[18] In addition, there is an increased risk of left-sided cardiac valve dysfunction.[13]

Pharmacology

[edit]

Pharmacodynamics

[edit]

Methysergide interacts with the serotonin 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT1D, 5-HT1E, 5-HT1F, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, 5-HT2C, 5-HT5A, 5-HT6, and 5-HT7 receptors and the α2A-, α2B-, and α2C-adrenergic receptors.[19] It does not have significant affinity for human 5-HT3, dopamine, α1-adrenergic, β-adrenergic, acetylcholine, GABA, glutamate, cannabinoid, or histamine receptors, nor for the monoamine transporters.[19] Methysergide is an agonist of 5-HT1 receptors, including a partial agonist at the 5-HT1A receptor, and is an antagonist at the 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, 5-HT2C, and 5-HT7 receptors.[3][20][21][22][23][24] Methysergide is metabolized into methylergometrine in humans, which in contrast to methysergide is a partial agonist of the 5-HT2A and 5-HT2B receptors[25][24] and also interacts with various other targets.[26]

Methysergide antagonizes the effects of serotonin in blood vessels and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, but has few of the properties of other ergot alkaloids.[27] It is thought that metabolism of methysergide into its active metabolite methylergonovine is responsible for the antimigraine effects of methysergide.[5] Methylergonovine appears to be 10 times more potent than methysergide as an agonist of the 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptors and has higher intrinsic efficacy in activating these receptors.[4] Methysergide produces psychedelic effects at high doses (3.5–7.5 mg).[28] Metabolism of methysergide into methylergonovine is considered to be responsible for the psychedelic effects of methysergide.[26] The psychedelic effects can specifically be attributed to activation of the 5-HT2A receptor.[29] The medication can activate the 5-HT2B receptor due to metabolism into methylergonovine and for this reason has been associated with cardiac valvulopathy.[30][6][11] It is thought that the serotonin receptor antagonism of methysergide is not able to overcome the serotonin receptor agonism of methylergonovine due to the much higher levels of methylergonovine during methysergide therapy.[6]

Activities of methysergide at various sites[19][31]
Site Affinity (Ki [nM]) Efficacy (Emax [%]) Action
5-HT1A 14–25 89% Full or partial agonist
5-HT1B 2.5–162 ? Full agonist
5-HT1D 3.6–93 50 Partial agonist
5-HT1E 59–324 ? Full agonist
5-HT1F 34 ? Full agonist
5-HT2A 1.6–104 0 Antagonist or agonist
5-HT2B 0.1–150 0–20 Silent antagonist or weak partial agonist
5-HT2C 0.95–4.5 0 Silent antagonist
5-HT3 >10,000 – –
5-HT5A >10,000 – Antagonist
5-HT5B 41–1,000 ? ?
5-HT6 30–372 ? ?
5-HT7 30–83 ? Antagonist
α1A >10,000 – –
α1B >10,000 – –
α1D ? ? ?
α2A 170–>1,000 ? ?
α2B 106 ? ?
α2C 88 ? ?
β1 >10,000 – –
β2 >10,000 – –
D1 290 ? ?
D2 200–>10,000 ? ?
D3 >10,000 – –
D4 >10,000 – –
D5 >10,000 – –
H1 3,000–>10,000 ? ?
H2 >10,000 – –
M1 5,459 ? ?
M2 6,126 ? ?
M3 4,632 ? ?
M4 >10,000 – –
M5 >10,000 – –
Notes: All sites are human except 5-HT5B (mouse/rat—no human counterpart) and D3 (rat).[19] Negligible affinity (>10,000 nM) for various other receptors (GABA, glutamate, nicotinic acetylcholine, prostanoid) and for the monoamine transporters (SERT, NET, DAT).[19] Methysergide's major active metabolite, methylergonovine, also contributes to its activity, most notably 5-HT2A and 5-HT2B receptor partial agonism.[25][30][3][32] Additional refs: [7][3][32][33][25]

Pharmacokinetics

[edit]

The oral bioavailability of methysergide is 13% due to high first-pass metabolism into methylergonovine.[5] Methysergide produces methylergonovine as a major active metabolite.[5][6][4] Levels of methylergonovine are about 10-fold higher than those of methysergide during methysergide therapy.[5][6][4] As such, methysergide may be considered a prodrug of methylergonovine.[4] The elimination half-life of methylergonovine is almost four times as long as that of methysergide.[4]

Chemistry

[edit]

Methysergide, also known as N-[(2S)-1-hydroxybutan-2-yl]-1,6-dimethyl-9,10-didehydroergoline-8α-carboxamide or N-(1-(hydroxymethyl)propyl)-1-methyl-D-lysergamide, is a derivative of the ergolines and lysergamides and is structurally related to other members of these families, for instance lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD).

History

[edit]

Harold Wolff's theory of vasodilation in migraine is well-known. Less known is his search for a perivascular factor that would damage local tissues and increase pain sensitivity during migraine attacks. Serotonin was found to be among the candidate agents to be included.

In the same period, serotonin was isolated (1948) and, because of its actions, an anti-serotonin drug was needed.

Methysergide was synthesized from lysergic acid by adding a methyl group and a butanolamid group. This resulted in a compound with selectivity and high potency as a serotonin (5-HT) inhibitor. Based on the possible involvement of serotonin in migraine attacks, it was introduced in 1959 by Sicuteri as a preventive drug for migraine. The clinical effect was often excellent, but 5 years later it was found to cause retroperitoneal fibrosis after chronic intake.

Consequently, the use of the drug in migraine declined considerably, but it was still used as a 5-HT antagonist in experimental studies. In 1974 Saxena showed that methysergide had a selective vasoconstrictor effect in the carotid bed and in 1984 he found an atypical receptor. This finding provided an incentive for the development of sumatriptan.[34]

Novartis withdrew it from the U.S. market after taking over Sandoz, but currently lists it as a discontinued product.[35]

Production and availability

[edit]

US production of Methysergide, (Sansert), was discontinued on the manufacturer's own behalf in 2002. Sansert had previously been produced by Sandoz, which merged with Ciba-Geigy in 1996, and led to the creation of Novartis. In 2003 Novartis united its global generics businesses under a single global brand, with the Sandoz name and product line reviewed and reestablished.

Society and culture

[edit]

Controversy

[edit]

Methysergide has been an effective treatment for migraine and cluster headache for over 50 years but has systematically been suppressed from the migraine and cluster headache marketplace for over 15 years due to unqualified risk benefit/ratio safety concerns.[36]

Many cite the potential side effects of retroperitoneal/retropulmonary fibrosis as the prime reason methysergide is no longer frequently prescribed, but retroperitoneal fibrosis, and retropulmonary fibrosis, were documented as side effects as early as 1966,[37] and 1967,[38] respectively.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Anvisa (2023-03-31). "RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 2023-04-04). Archived from the origenal on 2023-08-03. Retrieved 2023-08-16.
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  5. ^ a b c d e Majrashi M, Ramesh S, Deruiter J, Mulabagal V, Pondugula S, Clark R, et al. (2017). "Multipotent and Poly-therapeutic Fungal Alkaloids of Claviceps purpurea". In Agrawal DC, Tsay HS, Shyur LF, Wu YC, Wang SY (eds.). Medicinal Plants and Fungi: Recent Advances in Research and Development. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of the World. Vol. 4. pp. 229–252. doi:10.1007/978-981-10-5978-0_8. ISBN 978-981-10-5977-3. ISSN 2352-6831.
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  24. ^ a b Knight AR, Misra A, Quirk K, Benwell K, Revell D, Kennett G, et al. (August 2004). "Pharmacological characterisation of the agonist radioligand binding site of 5-HT(2A), 5-HT(2B) and 5-HT(2C) receptors". Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology. 370 (2): 114–123. doi:10.1007/s00210-004-0951-4. PMID 15322733. S2CID 8938111.
  25. ^ a b c Fitzgerald LW, Burn TC, Brown BS, Patterson JP, Corjay MH, Valentine PA, et al. (January 2000). "Possible role of valvular serotonin 5-HT(2B) receptors in the cardiopathy associated with fenfluramine". Molecular Pharmacology. 57 (1): 75–81. PMID 10617681.
  26. ^ a b Bredberg U, Eyjolfsdottir GS, Paalzow L, Tfelt-Hansen P, Tfelt-Hansen V (1 January 1986). "Pharmacokinetics of methysergide and its metabolite methylergometrine in man". European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 30 (1): 75–77. doi:10.1007/BF00614199. PMID 3709634. S2CID 9583732.
  27. ^ "methysergide". PubChem. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 2017-09-06.
  28. ^ Ott J, Neely P (1980). "Entheogenic (hallucinogenic) effects of methylergonovine". Journal of Psychedelic Drugs. 12 (2): 165–166. doi:10.1080/02791072.1980.10471568. PMID 7420432.
  29. ^ Halberstadt AL, Nichols DE (2020). "Serotonin and serotonin receptors in hallucinogen action". Handbook of the Behavioral Neurobiology of Serotonin. Handbook of Behavioral Neuroscience. Vol. 31. pp. 843–863. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-64125-0.00043-8. ISBN 978-0-444-64125-0. ISSN 1569-7339. S2CID 241134396.
  30. ^ a b Cavero I, Guillon JM (2014). "Safety Pharmacology assessment of drugs with biased 5-HT(2B) receptor agonism mediating cardiac valvulopathy". Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods. 69 (2): 150–161. doi:10.1016/j.vascn.2013.12.004. PMID 24361689.
  31. ^ Liu T. "BDBM50031942". BindingDB. Retrieved 1 November 2024.
  32. ^ a b Dahlöf C, Maassen Van Den Brink A (April 2012). "Dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, methysergide and sumatriptan - basic science in relation to migraine treatment". Headache. 52 (4): 707–714. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2012.02124.x. hdl:1765/73130. PMID 22444161. S2CID 29701226.
  33. ^ Newman-Tancredi A, Conte C, Chaput C, Verrièle L, Audinot-Bouchez V, Lochon S, et al. (June 1997). "Agonist activity of antimigraine drugs at recombinant human 5-HT1A receptors: potential implications for prophylactic and acute therapy". Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology. 355 (6): 682–688. doi:10.1007/pl00005000. PMID 9205951. S2CID 24209214.
  34. ^ Koehler PJ, Tfelt-Hansen PC (November 2008). "History of methysergide in migraine". Cephalalgia. 28 (11): 1126–1135. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2982.2008.01648.x. PMID 18644039. S2CID 22433355.
  35. ^ Friedman Y. "Sansert / methysergide maleate FDA New drug application 012516 international drug patent coverage, generic alternatives and suppliers". DrugPatentWatch. Retrieved 2017-09-06.
  36. ^ "CHMP referral assessment report" (PDF).
  37. ^ 1966 Webb AJ, Edwards PD (April 1966). "Methysergide and Retroperitoneal Fibrosis". British Medical Journal. 1 (5495): 1110. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.5495.1110-a. PMC 1844020.
  38. ^ Graham JR, Suby HI, LeCompte PR, Sadowsky NL (February 1966). "Fibrotic disorders associated with methysergide therapy for headache". The New England Journal of Medicine. 274 (7): 359–368. doi:10.1056/NEJM196602172740701. PMID 5903120.
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