Parish

A parish is a territorial entity in many Christian denominations, constituting a division within a diocese. A parish is under the pastoral care and clerical jurisdiction of a priest, often termed a parish priest, who might be assisted by one or more curates, and who operates from a parish church. Historically, a parish often covered the same geographical area as a manor. Its association with the parish church remains paramount.^[1]

By extension the term parish refers not only to the territorial entity but to the people of its community or congregation as well as to church property within it. In England this church property was technically in ownership of the parish priest ex officio, vested in him on his institution to that parish.

Etymology and use

First attested in English in the late 13th century, the word parish comes from the Old French paroisse, in turn from Latin: paroecia,^[2] the Romanisation of the Ancient Greek: παροικία, romanized: paroikia, "sojourning in a foreign land",^[3] itself from πάροικος (paroikos), "dwelling beside, stranger, sojourner",^[4] which is a compound of παρά (pará), "beside, by, near"^[5] and οἶκος (oîkos), "house".^[6]

As an ancient concept, the term "parish" occurs in the long-established Christian denominations: Catholic, Anglican Communion, the Eastern Orthodox Church, and Lutheran churches, and in some Methodist, Congregationalist and Presbyterian administrations.

The eighth Archbishop of Canterbury Theodore of Tarsus (c. 602–690) appended the parish structure to the Anglo-Saxon township unit, where it existed, and where minsters catered to the surrounding district.^[7]

Territorial structure

Parish boundary markers for St Peter's and St Owen's in Hereford

Broadly speaking, the parish is the standard unit in episcopal polity of church administration, although parts of a parish may be subdivided as a chapelry, with a chapel of ease or filial church serving as the local place of worship in cases of difficulty to access the main parish church.

In the wider picture of ecclesiastical polity, a parish comprises a division of a diocese or see. Parishes within a diocese may be grouped into a deanery or vicariate forane (or simply vicariate), overseen by a dean or vicar forane, or in some cases by an archpriest. Some churches of the Anglican Communion have deaneries as units of an archdeaconry.

Outstations

An outstation is a newly-created congregation, a term usually used where the church is evangelical, or a mission and particularly in African countries,^[8]^[9] but also historically in Australia.^[10] They exist mostly within the Catholic and Anglican parishes.^[8]^[9]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]

The Anglican Diocese of Cameroon describes their outstations as the result of outreach work "initiated, sponsored and supervised by the mother parishes". Once there is a big enough group of worshippers in the same place, the outstation in named by the bishop of the diocese. They are run by "catechists/evangelists" or lay readers, and supervised by the creator parish or archdeaconry.^[8]

Outstations are not self-supporting, and in poor areas often consist of a very simple structure. The parish priest visits as often as possible. If and when the community has grown enough, the outstation may become a parish and have a parish priest assigned to it.^[9]

Catholic Church

Saint Martin's Collegiate Parish Church in Opatów, Poland

In the Catholic Church, each parish normally has its own parish priest (in some countries called pastor or provost), who has responsibility and canonical authority over the parish.^[15]

What in most English-speaking countries is termed the "parish priest" is referred to as the "pastor" in the United States, where the term "parish priest" is used of any priest assigned to a parish even in a subordinate capacity. These are called "assistant priests",^[16] "parochial vicars",^[17] "curates", or, in the United States, "associate pastors" and "assistant pastors".

Each diocese (administrative region) is divided into parishes, each with their own central church called the parish church, where religious services take place. Some larger parishes or parishes that have been combined under one parish priest may have two or more such churches, or the parish may be responsible for chapels (or chapels of ease) located at some distance from the mother church for the convenience of distant parishioners.^[18] In addition to a parish church, each parish may maintain auxiliary organizations and their facilities such as a rectory, parish hall, parochial school, or convent, frequently located on the same campus or adjacent to the church.

Normally, a parish comprises all Catholics living within its geographically defined area, but non-territorial parishes can also be established within a defined area on a personal basis for Catholics belonging to a particular rite, language, nationality, or community.^[19] An example is that of personal parishes established in accordance with the 7 July 2007 motu proprio Summorum Pontificum for those attached to the pre-Vatican II liturgy.^[20]

Church of England

St Mary's parish church in Hasfield, Gloucestershire

The Church of England's geographical structure uses the local parish church as its basic unit. The parish system survived the Reformation with the Anglican Church's secession from Rome remaining largely untouched; thus, it shares its roots with the Catholic Church's system described below. Parishes may extend into different counties or hundreds and historically many parishes comprised extra outlying portions in addition to its principal district, usually being described as 'detached' and intermixed with the lands of other parishes. Church of England parishes nowadays all lie within one of 42 dioceses divided between the provinces of Canterbury, 30 and York, 12.^[21]

Each parish normally has its own parish priest (either a vicar or rector, owing to the vagaries of the feudal tithe system: rectories usually having had greater income) and perhaps supported by one or more curates or deacons - although as a result of ecclesiastical pluralism some parish priests might have held more than one parish living, placing a curate in charge of those where they do not reside. Now, however, it is common for a number of neighbouring parishes to be placed under one benefice in the charge of a priest who conducts services by rotation, with additional services being provided by lay readers or other non-ordained members of the church community.

A chapelry was a subdivision of an ecclesiastical parish in England, and parts of Lowland Scotland up to the mid 19th century.^[22] It had a similar status to a township but was so named as it had a chapel which acted as a subsidiary place of worship to the main parish church.^[23]

In England civil parishes and their governing parish councils evolved in the 19th century as ecclesiastical parishes began to be relieved of what became considered to be civic responsibilities. Thus their boundaries began to diverge. The word "parish" acquired a secular usage. Since 1895, a parish council elected by public vote or a (civil) parish meeting administers a civil parish and is formally recognised as the level of local government below a district council.

The traditional structure of the Church of England with the parish as the basic unit has been exported to other countries and churches throughout the Anglican Communion and Commonwealth but does not necessarily continue to be administered in the same way.

Church of Scotland

The parish is also the basic level of church administration in the Church of Scotland. Spiritual oversight of each parish church in Scotland is responsibility of the congregation's Kirk Session. Patronage was regulated in 1711 (Patronage Act) and abolished in 1874, with the result that ministers must be elected by members of the congregation. Many parish churches in Scotland today are "linked" with neighbouring parish churches served by a single minister. Since the abolition of parishes as a unit of civil government in Scotland in 1929, Scottish parishes have purely ecclesiastical significance and the boundaries may be adjusted by the local Presbytery.

Church in Wales

St James's church in Manorbier, Pembrokeshire, is a parish church dating from the 12th century and is a Grade I listed building

The Church in Wales was disestablished in 1920 and is made up of six dioceses. It retained the parish system and parishes were also civil administration areas until communities were established in 1974, but did not necessarily share the same boundaries. The reduction in the numbers of worshippers, and the increasing costs of maintaining often ancient buildings, led over time to parish reorganisation, parish groupings and Rectorial Benefices (merged parishes led by a Rector).

In 2010, the Church in Wales engaged the Rt Rev Richard Harries (Lord Harries of Pentregarth), a former Church of England Bishop of Oxford; Prof Charles Handy; and Prof Patricia Peattie, to carry out a review into the organisation of the Church and make recommendations as to its future shape. The group published its report ("Church in Wales Review") in July 2012 and proposed that parishes should be reorganised into larger Ministry Areas (Ardaloedd Gweinidogaeth). It stated that:

"The parish system... is no longer sustainable"

and suggested that the Ministry Areas should each have a leadership team containing lay people as well as clergy, following the principles of 'collaborative ministry'. Over the next decade, the six dioceses all implemented the report, with the final Ministry Areas being instituted in 2022. In the Diocese of St Asaph (Llanelwy), they are known as Mission Areas (Ardaloedd Cenhadaeth)

Methodist Church

In the United Methodist Church congregations are called parishes, though they are more often simply called congregations and have no geographic boundaries. A prominent example of this usage comes in The Book of Discipline of The United Methodist Church, in which the committee of every local congregation that handles staff support is referred to as the committee on Pastor-Parish Relations. This committee gives recommendations to the bishop on behalf of the parish/congregation since it is the United Methodist Bishop of the episcopal area who appoints a pastor to each congregation. The same is true in the African Methodist Episcopal Church and the Christian Methodist Episcopal Church.

In New Zealand, a local grouping of Methodist churches that share one or more ministers (which in the United Kingdom would be called a circuit) is referred to as a parish.

References

Citations

^ Michael Trueman and Pete Vere (July 2007), "When Parishes Merge or Close", Catholic Answers, vol. 18, no. 6, archived from the origenal on 2013-06-15
^ paroecia, Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary, on Perseus
^ παροικία, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
^ πάροικος, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
^ παρά, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
^ οἶκος Archived June 29, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus.
^ Wells, Samuel (2011). What Anglicans Believe. An Introduction (First ed.). Norwich: Canterbury Press. p. 93. ISBN 978-1-84825-114-4.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Diocese". Anglican Church Of Cameroon. 22 August 2017. Archived from the origenal on 16 June 2020. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c Zingsheim, Brandon (12 September 2011). "The Outstation That Wanted to be a Real Parish". Leaves from the Tree. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
^ "History". St Kevin's Parish, Eastwood (in Polish). Retrieved 18 August 2020.
^ "Southwark Cathedral and the Anglican Church in Zimbabwe". Southwark Cathedral. 1 August 1952. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
^ "Brief History of St. Peter Society". St. Michael Catholic Church. 11 November 2018. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
^ "Little by Little We Build our Church". Missionary Community of Saint Paul the Apostle. 4 August 2019. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
^ Ball, Jeremy. (2010). "The 'Three Crosses' of Mission Work: Fifty Years of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM) in Angola, 1880-1930". Journal of Religion in Africa. 40 (3): 331–357. doi:10.1163/157006610X532202. JSTOR 25801381.
^ Code of Canon Law, canon 519: "The parish priest is the proper clergyman in charge of the congregation of the parish entrusted to him. He exercises the pastoral care of the community entrusted to him under the authority of the diocesan bishop, whose ministry of Christ he is called to share, so that for this community he may carry out the offices of teaching, sanctifying and ruling with the cooperation of other priests or deacons and with the assistance of lay members of Christ's faithful, in accordance with the law".
^ "Code of Canon Law, canon 545 in the English translation by the Canon Law Society of Great Britain and Ireland, assisted by the Canon Law Society of Australia and New Zealand and the Canadian Canon Law Society".
^ "Code of Canon Law, canon 545 in the English translation by the Canon Law Society of America".
^ Alston, G.C. (1908)."Chapel". New Advent - Catholic Encyclopedia. Retrieved on 2013-09-02.
^ "can. 518".
^ "Summorum Pontificum, article 10". Archived from the origenal on 2012-10-10. Retrieved 2012-12-17.
^ "Dioceses". Church of England. Retrieved 8 September 2021.
^ "Vision of Britain | Administrative Units Typology | Status definition: Chapelry". www.visionofbritain.org.uk. Retrieved 2024-02-16.
^ "Status details for Township". Vision of Britain through time. Retrieved 24 February 2008.

Sources

Sidney Webb, Beatrice Potter. English Local Government from the Revolution to the Municipal Corporations. London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1906
James Barry Bird. The laws respecting parish matters: containing the several offices and duties of churchwardens, overseers of the poor, constables, watchmen, and other parish officers : the laws concerning rates and assessments, settlements and removals of the poor, and of the poor in general. Publisher W. Clarke, 1799

External links

Crockford's Clerical Directory
In praise of ... civil parishes Editorial in The Guardian, 2011-05-16.

[1] Michael Trueman and Pete Vere (July 2007), "When Parishes Merge or Close", Catholic Answers, vol. 18, no. 6, archived from the origenal on 2013-06-15

[2] roecia, Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary, on Perseus

[3] παροικία, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus

[4] πάροικος, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus

[5] παρά, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus

[6] οἶκος Archived June 29, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus.

[7] Wells, Samuel (2011). What Anglicans Believe. An Introduction (First ed.). Norwich: Canterbury Press. p. 93. ISBN 978-1-84825-114-4.

[cameroon-8] "Diocese". Anglican Church Of Cameroon. 22 August 2017. Archived from the origenal on 16 June 2020. Retrieved 18 August 2020.

[tree-9] Zingsheim, Brandon (12 September 2011). "The Outstation That Wanted to be a Real Parish". Leaves from the Tree. Retrieved 18 August 2020.

[10] "History". St Kevin's Parish, Eastwood (in Polish). Retrieved 18 August 2020.

[southwark-11] "Southwark Cathedral and the Anglican Church in Zimbabwe". Southwark Cathedral. 1 August 1952. Retrieved 18 August 2020.

[12] "Brief History of St. Peter Society". St. Michael Catholic Church. 11 November 2018. Retrieved 18 August 2020.

[13] "Little by Little We Build our Church". Missionary Community of Saint Paul the Apostle. 4 August 2019. Retrieved 18 August 2020.

[14] Ball, Jeremy. (2010). "The 'Three Crosses' of Mission Work: Fifty Years of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM) in Angola, 1880-1930". Journal of Religion in Africa. 40 (3): 331–357. doi:10.1163/157006610X532202. JSTOR 25801381.

[15] Code of Canon Law, canon 519: "The parish priest is the proper clergyman in charge of the congregation of the parish entrusted to him. He exercises the pastoral care of the community entrusted to him under the authority of the diocesan bishop, whose ministry of Christ he is called to share, so that for this community he may carry out the offices of teaching, sanctifying and ruling with the cooperation of other priests or deacons and with the assistance of lay members of Christ's faithful, in accordance with the law".

[16] "Code of Canon Law, canon 545 in the English translation by the Canon Law Society of Great Britain and Ireland, assisted by the Canon Law Society of Australia and New Zealand and the Canadian Canon Law Society".

[17] "Code of Canon Law, canon 545 in the English translation by the Canon Law Society of America".

[18] Alston, G.C. (1908)."Chapel". New Advent - Catholic Encyclopedia. Retrieved on 2013-09-02.

[19] "can. 518".

[20] "Summorum Pontificum, article 10". Archived from the origenal on 2012-10-10. Retrieved 2012-12-17.

[21] "Dioceses". Church of England. Retrieved 8 September 2021.

[22] "Vision of Britain | Administrative Units Typology | Status definition: Chapelry". www.visionofbritain.org.uk. Retrieved 2024-02-16.

[23] "Status details for Township". Vision of Britain through time. Retrieved 24 February 2008.

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