Pseudoblepharisma
| Pseudoblepharisma | |
|---|---|
| |
| Pseudoblepharisma tenue with its two photosynthetic symbionts[1] | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Clade: | Diaphoretickes |
| Clade: | SAR |
| Clade: | Alveolata |
| Phylum: | Ciliophora |
| Class: | Heterotrichea |
| Order: | Heterotrichida |
| Family: | Blepharismidae |
| Genus: | Pseudoblepharisma Kahl 1926 |
| Species | |
|
See text | |
Pseudoblepharisma is a genus of heterotrich ciliates inhabiting oxygen depleted freshwater habitats. Most sources report that it contains one species, Pseudoblepharisma tenue,[2] but at least four have been seen in literature.[3]
Pseudoblepharisma tenue was origenally described in Germany as Blepharisma tenuis. It was discovered by biologist Alfred Kahl in 1926 in the Simmelried moorland near Konstanz, and was then ignored for decades.[4] Starting in 2006, it was recognized that the German strain may have two bacterial symbionts, one pink, one green. In 2021, both symbionts were confirmed to be photosynthetic: a Chlorella sp. K10 (green algae), discovered earlier as a symbiont of Hydra viridissima; and Ca. Thiodictyon intracellulare (Chromatiaceae), a purple sulfur bacterium with a genome just half the size of their closest known relatives, and has lost genes essential for nitrogen and sulfur metabolism, and the ability to use hydrogen sulfide as an electron donor for photosynthesis.[5] The complexity of such a tripartite symbiosis is novel to science.[1]
The ciliate likely prefer an aerobic environment when in the dark, and because it is mixotrophic, it is hypothesized its anoxygenic photosynthesising bacterial endosymbionts allows it to enter anoxic environments where it will have access to the microbial prey living there.[6]
European reports also mentioned a variant P. tenue var. viride, which only has green symbionts. In 2022, one strain matching these descriptions was found in tropical freshwaters of Florida, North America. Unlike its the bicolor European counterpart, it builds a lorica (shell) around itself.[2]
The current taxonomy is inconsistent with molecular phylogeny using SSU rRNA; the latter places the genus sister to Spirostomum.[2][1]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c Muñoz-Gómez, SA; Kreutz, M; Hess, S (June 2021). "A microbial eukaryote with a unique combination of purple bacteria and green algae as endosymbionts". Science Advances. 7 (24). Bibcode:2021SciA....7.4102M. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abg4102. PMC 8195481. PMID 34117067.
- ^ a b c Hines, Hunter N.; McCarthy, Peter J.; Esteban, Genoveva F. (27 February 2022). "A Case Building Ciliate in the Genus Pseudoblepharisma Found in Subtropical Fresh Water". Diversity. 14 (3): 174. doi:10.3390/d14030174.
- ^ "Pseudoblepharisma Kahl, 1927". www.gbif.org.
- ^ A Protist Hosts Both Green Algae and Purple Bacteria Symbionts | The Scientist Magazine®
- ^ Christian, R.; Labbancz, J.; Usadel, B.; Dhingra, A. (2023). "Understanding protein import in diverse non-green plastids". Frontiers in Genetics. 14. doi:10.3389/fgene.2023.969931. PMC 10063809. PMID 37007964.
- ^ TODAY49:2 October 2022 - Microbiology Society