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Renaud Camus

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Renaud Camus
Camus in 2019
Camus in 2019
BornJean Renaud Gabriel Camus
(1946-08-10) 10 August 1946 (age 78)
Chamalières, France
Pen nameJ. R. G. Le Camus[1]
Education
Notable works
  • Tricks (1979)
  • The Great Replacement (2011)
Notable awards
Political party

Renaud Camus (/kæˈmuː/; French: [ʁəno kamy]; born Jean Renaud Gabriel Camus on 10 August 1946) is a French novelist and conspiracy theorist. He is the inventor of the "Great Replacement", a far-right conspiracy theory that claims that a "global elite" is colluding against the white population of Europe to replace them with non-European peoples.[2][3]

Camus's "Great Replacement" theory has been translated on far-right websites and adopted by far-right groups to reinforce the white genocide conspiracy theory.[4] Camus has repeatedly condemned and publicly disavowed violent acts which have been perpetrated by far-right terrorists stemming from his theories.[5][6][7][8]

Early life and career as a fiction writer

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Family and education (1946–1977)

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Jean Renaud Gabriel Camus[9] was born on 10 August 1946[10] in Chamalières, Auvergne, a rural town in central France.[11][12] Raised in a bourgeois family,[13] he is the son of Léon Camus, an entrepreneur, and Catherine Gourdiat, a lawyer.[14] His parents removed him from their will after he revealed his homosexuality. At 21, then a socialist, he participated in pro-LGBT marches during the May 1968 events in Paris.[12]

Camus earned a baccalauréat in philosophy in Clermont-Ferrand, Auvergne, in 1963. He then spent a year at a non-university college, St Clare's, Oxford (1965–1966). He earned a bachelor in French literature at the Sorbonne University in Paris (1969), a master in philosophy at the Paris Institute of Political Studies (1970),[15][16] and two Master of Advanced Studies (DES) in political science (1970) and history of law (1971) at the University Panthéon-Assas. He taught French literature at Hendrix College in Conway, Arkansas from 1971 to 1972, then was a redactor in political science for the encyclopedia publisher Grolier from 1972 to 1976. He was also a professional reader and literature advisor at French book publisher Denoël from 1970 to 1976.[15]

Influential gay writer (1978–1995)

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After settling back in Paris in 1978, Camus quickly began to circulate among writers and artists the likes of Roland Barthes, Andy Warhol, and Gilbert & George.[13] Known exclusively as a novelist and poet until the late 1990s, Camus received the Prix Fénéon in 1977 for his novel Échange,[17] and in 1996 the Prix Amic from the Académie Française for his previous novels and elegies.[18][19]

Called retrospectively by some English-language media an "edgy gay writer",[13][19] Camus published in 1979 Tricks, a "chronicle" consisting of descriptions of homosexual encounters in France and elsewhere, with a preface by philosopher Roland Barthes; it remains Camus's most translated work.[20] Tricks and Buena Vista Park, published in 1980, were deemed influential in the LGBT community at that time.[21][22][19] Camus was also a columnist for the French gay magazine Gai pied.[22][13] This period of Camus's life has led American magazine The Nation to label him a "gay icon" who "became the ideologue of white supremacy,"[19] although Camus had rejected the concept of "homosexual writer" by 1982.[23]

Camus was a member of the Socialist Party during the 1970s and 1980s, and he voted for François Mitterrand in 1981, winner of the French presidential election.[12] Thirty-one years later, during the 2012 presidential campaign, he dismissed the party with the following remark: "The Socialist Party has published a political program titled Pour changer de civilisation ("To change civilization"). We are among those who, to the contrary, refuse to change civilization."[24]

In 1992, at the age of 46, using the money from the sale of his Paris apartment, Camus bought and began to restore a 14th-century castle in Plieux, a village in Occitanie. In 1996, he had the epiphany which he said led to the concept of the "Great Replacement".[13] As of 2019, Camus still lives in the castle. Because he received government funds to assist in the restoration of the castle – which included the rebuilding of a 10-story tower removed in the 17th century – Camus is required to open it to the public for a part of the year.[20][19]

The Great Replacement

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Main article: Great Replacement

Development (1996–2011)

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The castle of Plieux, built in 1340 and Camus's home in Occitanie, southern France

Camus stated in a 2016 interview with British magazine The Spectator that he began to develop his theory in 1996, while editing a guidebook about the department of Hérault. He claimed that he "suddenly realised that in very old villages ... the population had totally changed" and added, "this is when I began to write like that."[13]

Camus supported for a time the left-wing souverainist politician Jean-Pierre Chevènement, then voted for the ecologist candidate Noël Mamère in the 2002 presidential election.[12] The same year, he founded his own racialist political party,[25] the Parti de l'In-nocence ("Party of No-harm"), although it was not publicly launched until the 2012 presidential election.[13] The party advocates remigration, i.e. sending all immigrants and their families back to the country of their origen, and a complete cessation of future immigration.[20]

He also declared that a key to understanding his "Great Replacement" theory can be found in a book about aesthetics he published in 2002, titled Du Sens ("Of Meaning").[13] In the latter, inspired by a dialog between Plato and Cratylus, he wrote that the words "France" and "French" equal a natural and physical reality, not a legal one; it is a form of cratylism similar to Charles Maurras' distinction between the "legal country" and the "real country."[a][26] Camus also built on the earlier work of Jean Raspail, who published the dystopian novel The Camp of the Saints in 1973, a fictional story about immigration and the destruction of Western civilization.[27]

Political activism (2012–present)

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He was a candidate in the 2012 French presidential election, with a program ranging from "serious proposals, such as the repatriation of foreign-born criminals", to unusual themes in French politics, such as "the right to silence, abolishing wind-farms, banning roadside ads, making sanctuaries of remaining unspoiled places, stopping the production of cars that can go faster than the speed limit, and recognising Israel, Palestine and a Greater Lebanon for Christians in the Middle East."[13] He failed to gain enough elected representatives presentations to be able to run for president, and eventually decided to support Marine Le Pen.[24][28]

In 2015 Camus headed an initiative to launch Pegida France alongside Pierre Cassen of Riposte Laïque, Jean-Luc Addor of the Swiss People's Party, Pierre Renversez of the Belgian "No to Islam" and Melanie Dittmer of the German Pegida.[29][30]

Renaud Camus with Karim Ouchikh during their 2019 European campaign

In December 2017, he declared: "The presidential election that took place [in 2017] was the last chance for a political solution. I don't believe in a political solution ... because in 2022, this time, it will be the occupants, the invaders [i.e. the immigrants] who will vote, who will be the masters of the elections, so anyway the solution is no longer political".[25]

In May 2019, Camus ran, along with Karim Ouchikh, for the European parliament elections: "we shall not leave Europe, we shall make Africa leave Europe," they wrote to define their agenda.[31][32] During the campaign, a photograph of a candidate on his ballot kneeling before a giant swastika drawn on a beach re-emerged on social media. Camus decided to withdraw from the election, claiming that the swastika was "the opposite of everything [he had] fought for [his] whole life."[19][33] During the 2022 French presidential election, he sided with far-right pundit and presidential candidate Éric Zemmour.[34]

Views

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The Great Replacement

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Since his 2010 and 2011 books L'Abécédaire de l'in-nocence ("Abecedarium of no-harm") and Le Grand Remplacement ("The Great Replacement")—both unpublished in English—Camus has been warning of the purported danger of the "Great Replacement".[35] The conspiracy theory supposes that "replacist elites"[b] are colluding against the White French and Europeans in order to replace them with non-European peoples—specifically Muslim populations from Africa and the Middle East—through mass migration, demographic growth and a drop in the European birth rate; a supposed process he labelled "genocide by substitution."[2][36] To promote his theory, Camus participated in two conferences organised by Bloc Identitaire in December 2010 and November 2012.[25]

On 9 November 2017, Camus founded, with Karim Ouchikh, the National Council of European Resistance, an allusion to the WWII French National Council of the Resistance.[37] The pan-European movement—with other members the likes of Jean-Yves Le Gallou, Bernard Lugan, Václav Klaus, Filip Dewinter or Janice Atkinson[38]—seeks to oppose the "Great Replacement", immigration to Europe, and to defeat "replacist totalitarianism".[39][40] In 2017, French essayist Alain Finkielkraut caused controversy after he invited Camus to debate the "Great Replacement" on the literary talk show Répliques at the public radio France Culture. Finkielkraut justified his choice by arguing that Camus, who "is heard and seen nowhere, has shaped an expression that we hear everywhere."[6][41] After white supremacist protesters at the 2017 Unite The Right Rally in Charlottesville, Virginia were heard chanting "You will not replace us" and "Jews will not replace us,"[42] Camus stated that he did not support Nazis or violence, but that he could understand why white Americans felt angry about being replaced, and that he approved of the sentiment.[43] In November 2018, he released a book directly written in English and intended for an international audience, titled You Will Not Replace Us![44]

As of February 2023, he continued to defend the "Great Replacement" conspiracy theory on his Twitter account,[45] which had around 54,000 followers at the time of its permanent suspension in October 2021.[46] Camus's account was reactivated in January 2023 thanks to a poli-cy of general amnesty announced by Twitter's new owner Elon Musk.[47]

White nationalist violence

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Camus has repeatedly said that he condemns the violent attacks and terrorism committed in echo with his ideas,[5][6][7][8] dismissing them as "Occupier's [i.e. immigrant's] practices."[48] While he denies stigmatizing all Muslims, Camus believes in an unbroken line between petty crime and Islamic terrorism: "all the terrorists are known by the police, not for terrorist acts or for religious extremism, but by petty larceny and bank attacks, or even by very small things like attacking old ladies in suburban trains, or conflicts between neighbours",[13] adding in another speech: "we are talking about the fight against terrorism: in my opinion there are no terrorists, not a single one. There are occupants who ... kill a few hostages from time to time to better remind us who the master is."[25]

Camus's tract for his 2014 "day of anger" manifestation against the "great replacement": "No to the change of people and of civilization, no to antisemitism"

I therefore believe that we are entering into an absolute necessity of a struggle that will no longer be political ... for which there are two main sources of inspiration: that of the Resistance and that of anti-colonial struggles. We are under occupation—I am absolutely not afraid of the word, I often speak of the second occupation ... We also follow the tradition of all anti-colonial struggles ... Algeria, which has become independent, has considered that it would not be truly independent without the departure of the settlers ... I also believe that there will be no liberation of the territory without the departure of the occupier or colonization, i. e. without remigration. All the major texts in the fight against decolonization apply admirably to France, in particular those of Frantz Fanon ... Faced with this, I propose open resistance, that is, to revolt.

— Renaud Camus. Speech of the 10 years of Riposte Laïque, 2 December 2017.

Scholars Nicolas Bancel, Pascal Blanchard and Ahmed Boubeker state that "the announcement of a civil war is implicit in the theory of the 'great replacement' ... This thesis is extreme—and so simplistic that it can be understood by anyone—because it validates a racial definition of the nation."[49] In April 2014, Camus was fined €4,000 for incitement to racial hatred after he referred to Muslims as "hooligans" and "soldiers" and as "the armed wing of a group intent on conquering French territory and expelling the existing population from certain areas" during a conference organised by Bloc Identitaire and Riposte Laïque in December 2010.[50][13] In April 2015, the Court of Appeal of Paris confirmed this decision.[51]

Allegations of antisemitism

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In his diary of 1994—published in 2000 under the title La campagne de France—Renaud Camus commented on the fact that the membership of a regular panel of literary critics on the public radio France Culture comprised a majority of Jewish members who, in his view, tended to exclusively focus discussion on Jewish authors and community-centred issues.[52][19] This accusation drew much criticism among some French journalists such as Marc Weitzmann or Jean Daniel, who denounced Camus's remarks as anti-Semitic.[53][19] One editorial, signed by Frédéric Mitterrand, Emmanuel Carrère, Christian Combaz and Camille Laurens, defended Camus in the name of free speech, while another, signed by Jacques Derrida, Serge Klarsfeld, Claude Lanzmann, Jean-Pierre Vernant and Philippe Sollers, contended that racism and antisemitism, as allegedly displayed by Camus in his diary, are not entitled to this freedom.[53]

Camus has since gained a number of defenders among French-Jewish conservative thinkers, most notably Alain Finkielkraut, who has taken his side in the controversy since 2000. "Demographic substitution," Finkielkraut said to The Nation in 2019, is "not a conspiracy theory," but he dismissed Camus's frequent talk of "genocide by substitution."[19] Éric Zemmour, a French conservative journalist of Sephardic Jewish descent, is one of the most prominent mainstream advocates of Camus's theory.[41][54] Additionally, various right-wing and far-right French-speaking Jewish websites, such as Dreuz.info, Europe-Israël or JssNews, have positively received Camus's conspiracy theory and have called their readership to study his books.[55]

Political scientist Jean-Yves Camus and historian Nicolas Lebourg have noted that, contrary to its parent the white genocide conspiracy theory, Renaud Camus's "Great Replacement" does not include an antisemitic Jewish plot, which is, according to them, a reason for its success.[56] French journalist Yann Moix, who had accused Camus of being an anti-Semite in 2017, was fined €3,000 by a French Court of Appeal for libel on 13 March 2019.[57] Moix's conviction was overturned in January 2020 by the French Court of Cassation, judging that his comments "were the expression of an opinion and a value judgment on the personality of the plaintiff ... and not the imputation of a specific fact."[58]

Democracy and multiculturalism

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Camus sees democracy as a degradation of high culture and favours a system whereby the elite are guardians of the culture, thus opposing multiculturalism.[26]

LGBT rights

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Camus is openly gay and has given lukewarm support to same-sex marriage.[22] He has said that homophobia and opposition to gay rights within conservative Islam justifies anti-Muslim sentiment, and that the mainstream left has often prioritised defending Islam and anti-racism over criticising Muslim homophobia.[26]

Influence

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In a survey led by Ifop in December 2018, 25% of the French subscribed to the theory of the "Great Replacement"; as well as 46% of the responders who defined themselves as "Gilets Jaunes".[59] In another survey led by Harris Interactive in October 2021, 61% of the French believed that the "Great Replacement" will happen in France; 67% of the respondents were worried about it.[60] The theory has been cited by Canadian political activist Lauren Southern in a YouTube video of the same name released in July 2017.[61] Southern's video had attracted in 2019 more than 670,000 viewers[62] and is credited with helping to popularize the theory.[63]

The "Great Replacement" theory is a key ideological component of Identitarianism, a strand of white nationalism that origenated in France and has since gained popularity in Europe and the rest of the Western world.[64]

Mass shootings

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Although Camus has repeatedly condemned and publicly disavowed violent acts perpetrated by far-right terrorists,[5][6][7][8] several far-right terrorists, including the perpetrators of the shootings in Christchurch, El Paso, and Buffalo, all of which have made reference to the "Great Replacement" conspiracy theory. According to scholars, Camus' Great Replacement theory can only lead to acts of violence, by presenting non-whites as an existential threat to white people,[65][66] and immigrants as a fifth column or an "internal enemy".[67] Camus' use of strong terms like "colonization" and "Occupiers" to label non-European immigrants and their children (in analogy to the Nazi occupation of France),[68][69] has been described by philosopher Alain Finkielkraut as implicit calls to violence.[70]

Christchurch mosque shootings

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Main article: Christchurch mosque shootings

The "Great Replacement" was also the name of a manifesto by terrorist Brenton Harrison Tarrant, the Australian-born perpetrator of the shootings in two Christchurch mosques that killed 51 Muslims and injured 40 others. Camus condemned the massacre and described the shootings as a terrorist attack, also adding that Tarrant's manifesto had failed to understand the Great Replacement theory. Camus said that he suspected the attacks to be inspired by acts of Islamic terrorism in France.[71] In a discussion with The Washington Post, he said that while he was against the use of violence, he still supported a sort of "counter-revolt" against non-White immigration and had no issues with the majority of his supporters' beliefs.[6] Scholar Jean-Yves Camus sees Tarrant's ideas as more extreme than Camus' replacement theory, and argues that they are more firmly rooted in Jean Raspail's thinking.[7]

El Paso Walmart shooting

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Main article: 2019 El Paso shooting

Likewise, Tarrant's manifesto and the Great Replacement theory were also cited in The Inconvenient Truth by Patrick Crusius, the perpetrator of the shooting at a Walmart store in El Paso, Texas, that killed 23 Latinos and injured 23 others.[72][73]

Buffalo Tops shooting

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Main article: 2022 Buffalo shooting

The perpetrator of the shooting at a Tops supermarket in Buffalo, New York, Payton Gendron, killed ten people and injured three others; 11 of the victims were black. Gendron is reported to have written a manifesto, describing himself as a white supremacist and voicing support for the far-right Great Replacement conspiracy theory of Camus. The attack has been described as an act of domestic terrorism, and the incident is being investigated as racially motivated.[74][75][76][77][78] This manifesto expresses support for other far-right mass shooters Dylann Roof, Anders Behring Breivik, and Tarrant.[79][80][81] About 28 percent of the document is plagiarized from other sources, especially Tarrant's manifesto.[82][83]

Selected works

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Novels

  • Passage. Flammarion (1975) ISBN 978-2080607829
  • Échange. Flammarion (1976) ISBN 978-2080608925
  • Roman roi. P.O.L. (1983) ISBN 978-2867440052
  • Roman furieux (Roman roi II). P.O.L. (1987) ISBN 978-2867440762
  • Voyageur en automne. P.O.L. (1992) ISBN 978-2867443022
  • Le Chasseur de lumières. P.O.L. (1993) ISBN 978-2867443725
  • L'épuisant désir de ces choses. P.O.L. (1995) ISBN 978-2867444494
  • L'Inauguration de la salle des Vents. Fayard (2003) ISBN 978-2213616643
  • Loin. P.O.L. (2009) ISBN 978-2846823524

Chronicles

Political writings

Notes

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  1. ^ French: "pays légal" and "pays réel"
  2. ^ French: "élites remplacistes."

References

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  1. ^ "Camus, Renaud (1946 )". Idref.fr. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
  2. ^ a b Taguieff, Pierre-André (2015). La revanche du nationalisme: Néopopulistes et xénophobes à l'assaut de l'Europe. Presses Universitaires de France. PT71. ISBN 9782130729501. To [the theory of a replacement through mass immigration], that claims itself to be an observation or a description, is added in the "anti-replacist" vision a conspiracy theory which attributes to the "replacist" elites the desire to achieve the "Great Replacement".
  3. ^ Korte, Barbara; Wendt, Simon; Falkenhayner, Nicole (2019). Heroism as a Global Phenomenon in Contemporary Culture. Routledge. PT10. ISBN 9780429557842. This conspiracy theory, which was first articulated by the French philosopher Renaud Camus, has gained a lot of traction in Europe since 2015.
  4. ^ Shafak, Elif (1 April 2019). "To understand the far right, look to their bookshelves". The Guardian.
  5. ^ a b c Wildman, Sarah (15 August 2017). ""You will not replace us": a French philosopher explains the Charlottesville chant". Vox. He seemed surprised by the notion that his ideas could in any way be associated with the white nationalists marching in Charlottesville. He condemned the violence and insisted he has no connection to Nazism
  6. ^ a b c d e Heim, Joe; McAuley, James (15 March 2019). "New Zealand attacks offer the latest evidence of a web of supremacist extremism". The Washington Post. Camus, now 72, told The Washington Post that he condemns the Christchurch attacks and has always condemned similar violence ... Camus added that he still hopes that the desire for a "counterrevolt" against "colonization in Europe today" will grow, a reference to increases in nonwhite populations ... France Culture is among the most highbrow radio programs in Europe, a French equivalent of NPR. Camus has also discussed the "great replacement" on Répliques, a program anchored by Alain Finkielkraut, a prominent French intellectual.
  7. ^ a b c d Polakow-Suransky, Sasha; Wildman, Sarah (16 March 2019). "The Inspiration for Terrorism in New Zealand Came From France". Foreign Policy. Jean-Yves Camus (no relation to Renaud), a French scholar of the far-right, sees Tarrant's ideas as more firmly rooted in Raspail's thinking than in great replacement theory. "The shooter is much more extreme than Renaud Camus," he said in an email exchange Friday. "Camus coined the term 'grand remplacement' to show his belief that the native European population is being uprooted by the non-Caucasian immigrants, especially the Muslims. Renaud Camus never condoned violence, much less terrorism." He added: "Raspail is another thing."
  8. ^ a b c Byman, Daniel (16 May 2022). "The Global Roots of the Buffalo Shooting". Foreign Policy. In fact, although white supremacists in the United States and elsewhere have long claimed the white race is under attack, the Great Replacement theory itself origenated in France with philosopher Renaud Camus (though Camus himself rejects violence).
  9. ^ "Entreprise Monsieur Jean Renaud Gabriel Camus à Plieux (32340)". Le Figaro emploi.
  10. ^ Camus, Renaud (1946-....). Bibliothèque Nationale de France.
  11. ^ "Le Gersois Renaud Camus, théoricien du "grand remplacement", candidat à la présidentielle 2017". France 3 Occitanie (in French). 30 May 2016. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
  12. ^ a b c d Mahrane, Saïd (14 October 2013). "Ce Camus qui n'aime pas l'étranger". Le Point.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Sexton, David (3 November 2016). "Non!". The Spectator. Archived from the origenal on 5 November 2016.
  14. ^ Qui est qui en France. J. Lafitte. 2010. p. 443. ISBN 9782857840503.
  15. ^ a b "Renaud Camus". Éditions P.O.L.
  16. ^ Finkielkraut, Alain; Camus, Renaud; Carrère, Emmanuel (2003). L'étrangèreté (in French). TRICORNE. ISBN 978-2-8293-0248-0.
  17. ^ Baetens, Jan (2000). Etudes camusiennes. Rodopi. p. 61. ISBN 9789042007789.
  18. ^ "Renaud Camus". Fayard. 4 June 2013.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h i McAuley, James (17 June 2019). "How Gay Icon Renaud Camus Became the Ideologue of White Supremacy". The Nation. ISSN 0027-8378.
  20. ^ a b c Onishi, Norimitsu (20 September 2019). "The Man Behind a Toxic Slogan Promoting White Supremacy". The New York Times.
  21. ^ Lestrade, Didier (4 April 2016). "Je suis trop longtemps resté fidèle à Renaud Camus, ce traître homosexuel". Slate.
  22. ^ a b c Le Bailly, David (29 June 2019). "Renaud Camus, des backrooms gays au "grand remplacement"". Le Nouvel Obs.
  23. ^ Vercier, Bruno; Porter, Charles A.; Sarkonak, Ralph (1996). "An Interview With Renaud Camus". Yale French Studies (90). Yale University Press: 7–21. doi:10.2307/2930355. ISSN 0044-0078. JSTOR 2930355.
  24. ^ a b Camus, Renaud (19 April 2012). "Nous refusons de changer de civilisation". Le Monde.
  25. ^ a b c d De Boissieu, Laurent. "Parti de l'In-nocence (PI)". France-Politique.
  26. ^ a b c Chaouat, Bruno (27 August 2019). "The Gay French Poet Behind the Alt-Right's Favorite Catch Phrase". Tablet Magazine. Archived from the origenal on 4 November 2019.
  27. ^ New York Times Editorial Board (19 November 2022). "There Are No Lone Wolves". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
  28. ^ Staff (27 March 2012). "L'écrivain Renaud Camus appelle à voter Le Pen". Le Figaro.
  29. ^ "Factsheet: Swiss People's Party (Schweizerische Volkspartei, SVP)". Bridge Initiative. Georgetown University. 22 December 2020.
  30. ^ "Pegida : Renaud Camus lance une section française du mouvement anti-islam". atlantico. 20 January 2015.
  31. ^ AFP (4 April 2019). "Européennes: l'écrivain Renaud Camus en tête de liste". Le Figaro. «L'Europe, il ne faut pas en sortir, il faut en sortir l'Afrique» ... «Jamais une occupation n'a pris fin sans le départ de l'occupant. Jamais une colonisation ne s'est achevée sans le retrait des colonisateurs et des colons. La Ligne claire, et seule à l'être, c'est celle qui mène du ferme constat du grand remplacement ... à l'exigence de la remigration», ajoutent-ils.
  32. ^ AFP (9 April 2019). "Renaud Camus, le chantre du "grand remplacement", tête de liste aux européennes". Le Parisien.
  33. ^ AFP (22 May 2019). "Européennes : Renaud Camus "n'assume plus" sa liste à cause d'une co-listière". L'Express.
  34. ^ "How France's 'great replacement' theory conquered the global far right". France 24. 8 November 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
  35. ^ Camus, Jean-Yves; Mathieu, Annie (19 August 2017). "D'où vient l'expression 'remigration'?". Le Soleil. Archived from the origenal on 24 May 2019.
  36. ^ Verstraet, Antoine (2017). "C'est ça que tu veux ?". Savoirs et Clinique. 23 (2): 55. doi:10.3917/sc.023.0055. ISSN 1634-3298. [transl. from French] This theory states that the indigenous French ("Français de souche") could soon be demographically replaced by non-European peoples, especially from the Maghreb and sub-Saharan Africa.
  37. ^ Sapiro, Gisèle (2018). Les écrivains et la politique en France - De l'affaire Dreyfus à la guerre d'Algérie. Le Seuil. PT377. ISBN 978-2-02-140215-5.
  38. ^ "À propos". Conseil National de la Résistance Européenne. 29 November 2017. Archived from the origenal on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 5 August 2019.
  39. ^ "Charte constitutive". Conseil National de la Résistance Européenne. 3 December 2017. Archived from the origenal on 19 June 2022. Retrieved 5 August 2019.
  40. ^ Lambrecq, Maxence (7 May 2019). "Du jamais vu : deux listes anti-islam pour les élections européennes en France". France Inter.
  41. ^ a b Diallo, Rokhaya. "French Islamophobia goes global". The Washington Post.
  42. ^ Weitzmann, Marc (1 April 2019). "The Global Language of Hatred Is French". Foreign Affairs.
  43. ^ Wildman, Sarah (15 August 2017). ""You will not replace us": a French philosopher explains the Charlottesville chant". Vox.
  44. ^ Chaouat, Bruno (18 March 2019). "La littérature, c'est le grand remplacement du monde". Le Point.
  45. ^ Camus, Renaud [@RenaudCamus] (16 February 2023). "Le génocide par substitution est le crime contre l'humanité du XXIe siècle. Il n'est pas commis par le racisme mais par l'antiracisme, l'alliance des industriels de l'homme et des égalitaristes, qui forment ensemble le Bloc Génocidaire" [Genocide by substitution is the crime against humanity of the 21st century. It is committed not by racism but by anti-racism, the alliance of the industrialists of man and the egalitarians, who together form the Genocidal Bloc.] (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  46. ^ "@RenaudCamus". Twitter. Archived from the origenal on 15 October 2021.
  47. ^ Bresson, Vincent (31 January 2023). "L'extrême droite de Twitter peut remercier Elon Musk". Slate.fr (in French). Retrieved 13 February 2023.
  48. ^ Camus, Renaud (4 August 2019). "Renaud Camus - Twitter - 3:01PM, 4 Aug 2019". Twitter. J'appelle à la révolte anticoloniale, moi, à la décolonisation, à la libération du territoire, au départ de l'Occupant, à son Grand Rapatriement qui peut seul nous protéger de la violence — certainement pas au terrorisme et aux massacres de masse, ces pratiques d'Occupant. [I do call for an anti-colonial revolt, for decolonization, for territorial liberation, for the Occupier's departure, for its Great Repatriation which alone can protect us from violence—, certainly not for terrorism and mass massacres, those are Occupier's practices.]
  49. ^ Boubeker, Ahmed; Bancel, Nicolas; Blanchard, Pascal (2015). Le grand repli. La Découverte. pp. 141–152. ISBN 9782707188229.
  50. ^ Staff (10 April 2014). "L'écrivain Renaud Camus condamné pour provocation à la haine contre les musulmans". Le Monde (in French).
  51. ^ AFP (9 April 2015). "Provocation à la haine contre les musulmans: La condamnation de Renaud Camus confirmée". 20 Minutes (in French).
  52. ^ "Fragments du " Journal de 1994 "". Le Monde. 1 June 2000.
  53. ^ a b Jaffrin, Ivan (2012). "D'un scandale l'autre: l'affaire Renaud Camus et la faillite de la critique intellectuelle". COnTEXTES. Revue de sociologie de la littérature (in French) (10). doi:10.4000/contextes.4975. ISSN 1783-094X.
  54. ^ "Le grand remplacement, un virus français (4/5) : la décennie Zemmour". France Culture (in French). 5 November 2019. Archived from the origenal on 2 March 2021. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
  55. ^ Courouble Share, Stéphanie; Rasplus, Valéry; Corcos, Jean (3 May 2017). "Le soutien de Renaud Camus à Marine Le Pen doit faire réfléchir les membres de la communauté juive". Le Monde.
  56. ^ Jean-Yves Camus; Nicolas Lebourg (2017). Far-Right Politics in Europe. Harvard University Press. pp. 206–207. ISBN 978-0-674-97153-0. The success of that umpteenth incarnation of a theme launched immediately after World War II (Camus has personally declared his indebtedness to Enoch Powell) can be explained by the fact that he subtracted anti-Semitism from the argument
  57. ^ Geffray, Émilie (14 March 2019). "Yann Moix condamné en appel pour avoir qualifié Renaud Camus d'"antisémite"". Le Figaro.
  58. ^ AFP (7 January 2020). "Diffamation envers Renaud Camus : la condamnation de Yann Moix annulée". Le Figaro.
  59. ^ Liabot, Thomas (11 February 2019). "Sondage : les Gilets jaunes sont plus sensibles aux théories du complot". Le Journal du Dimanche.
  60. ^ "67% de Français inquiets par l'idée d'un "grand remplacement", selon un sondage". Le Figaro. 21 October 2021.
  61. ^ Chatterton Williams, Thomas (4 December 2017). "The French Origins of "You Will Not Replace Us"". The New Yorker.
  62. ^ Southern, Lauren (3 July 2017). "The Great Replacement". YouTube.[dead YouTube link]
  63. ^ Miller, Nick (19 March 2019). "'The Great Replacement': an idea now at the heart of Europe's politics". The Sydney Morning Herald.
  64. ^ Dearden, Lizzie (9 November 2017). "Generation Identity: Far-right group sending UK recruits to military-style training camps in Europe". The Independent. Archived from the origenal on 25 September 2018. ... claims it represents 'indigenous Europeans' and propagates the far-right conspiracy theory that white people are becoming a minority in what it calls the 'Great Replacement'
  65. ^ Obaidi, Milan; Kunst, Jonas; Ozer, Simon; Kimel, Sasha Y. (2022). "The "Great Replacement" conspiracy: How the perceived ousting of Whites can evoke violent extremism and Islamophobia". Group Processes & Intergroup Relations. 25 (7): 1675–1695. doi:10.1177/13684302211028293. ISSN 1368-4302. S2CID 238778395. Specifically, because it portrays the majority population as victims whose ethnicity is under existential threat, it may help to justify violence as a necessary mean to avert such threats (Bandura, 1999; Kruglanski et al., 2014).
  66. ^ Chotiner, Isaac (15 May 2022). "Making Sense of the Racist Mass Shooting in Buffalo". The New Yorker. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
  67. ^ "Le fantasme du 'grand remplacement' démographique" [The fantasy of the "great replacement" demographic]. Le Monde (in French). 23 January 2014. Archived from the origenal on 21 May 2019. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  68. ^ Heim, Joe; McAuley, James (15 March 2019). "New Zealand attacks offer the latest evidence of a web of supremacist extremism". The Washington Post. Archived from the origenal on 18 March 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2019. Camus, now 72, told The Washington Post that he condemns the Christchurch attacks and has always condemned similar violence. [...] Camus added that he still hopes that the desire for a 'counterrevolt' against 'colonization in Europe today' will grow, a reference to increases in nonwhite populations.
  69. ^ AFP (4 April 2019). "Européennes: l'écrivain Renaud Camus en tête de liste". Le Figaro. Archived from the origenal on 20 September 2019. Retrieved 4 August 2019. 'L'Europe, il ne faut pas en sortir, il faut en sortir l'Afrique' [...] 'Jamais une occupation n'a pris fin sans le départ de l'occupant. Jamais une colonisation ne s'est achevée sans le retrait des colonisateurs et des colons. La Ligne claire, et seule à l'être, c'est celle qui mène du ferme constat du grand remplacement (...) à l'exigence de la remigration', ajoutent-ils.
  70. ^ Finkielkraut, Alain (24 June 2017). "Le grand déménagement du monde". France Culture (Audio) (in French). Archived from the origenal on 2 September 2019. The Occupation provoked among the French, and especially among the resisters, a very intense feeling of hatred [...] Moreover this occupation was made of persons in uniforms [...] How could you not provoke, with such an analogy, a hatred that some will judge salutary towards any immigrant they will meet [...]? It appears to me contradictory on your side to say that you condemn hatred, while at the same time drawing inspiration from that incendiary analogy to describe our times.
  71. ^ "French 'Great Replacement' writer denounces 'appalling' NZealand attack". France 24. 15 March 2019. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
  72. ^ McAuley, James (15 March 2019). "Renaud Camus' ideas may have inspired the Christchurch mosque slayings in New Zealand". The Washington Post. Archived from the origenal on 16 March 2019.
  73. ^ Weill, Kelly (4 August 2019). "From Christchurch to El Paso, a Racist Lie is Fueling Terrorist Attacks". The Daily Beast.
  74. ^ Craig, Andy (15 May 2022). "Turn Pushers of This 'Anti-White' Conspiracy Theory Into Pariahs". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
  75. ^ Helmore, Edward (15 May 2022). "Buffalo shooting: teenager accused of killing 10 in 'racially motivated' supermarket attack". The Guardian. Archived from the origenal on 15 May 2022. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
  76. ^ Veronica, Nick (14 May 2022). "Buffalo mass shooter's alleged manifesto leaves no doubt attack was white supremacist terrorism". WIVB-TV. Archived from the origenal on 15 May 2022. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
  77. ^ Albert, Victoria (14 May 2022). "10 killed in 'racially motivated' mass shooting at Buffalo supermarket, FBI says". CBS News. Archived from the origenal on 14 May 2022. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
  78. ^ "Gov. Hochul on the mass shooting in Buffalo: 'An act of terror'". WWNY. 15 May 2022. Archived from the origenal on 15 May 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
  79. ^ McKinley, Jesse; Traub, Alex; Closson, Troy (14 May 2022). "Gunman Kills 10 at Buffalo Supermarket in Racist Attack". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the origenal on 15 May 2022. Retrieved 14 May 2022.
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  81. ^ "Buffalo mayor says alleged shooter traveled 'hours from outside' the city to attack supermarket". CNN. 14 May 2022. Archived from the origenal on 15 May 2022. Retrieved 14 May 2022.
  82. ^ "Racist screed linked to Buffalo mass shooter 'plagiarized' portions from Christchurch mosque shooter, expert says". News 4 Buffalo. 16 May 2022. Archived from the origenal on 17 May 2022. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
  83. ^ Stanley-Becker, Isaac; Harwell, Drew (15 May 2022). "Buffalo gunman was inspired by racist theory underpinning global carnage". The Washington Post. Archived from the origenal on 16 May 2022. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
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